The Energy-Water Nexus at DOE 2016 Climate Change Symposium: Water-Energy-Climate October 12, 2016 Diana Bauer Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis Department of Energy EWN 1
Energy-Water Nexus: DOE’s Role DOE has strong expertise in technology, • modeling, analysis, and data and can contribute to understanding the issues and pursuing solutions across the entire nexus. Our work has broad and deep implications • – User-driven analytic tools for national decision- making supporting energy resilience with initial focus on the water-energy nexus – Solutions through technology RDD&D, policy analysis, and stakeholder engagement We can approach the diffuse water area • strongly from the energy side Download the full report at – Focus on our technical strengths and mission energy.gov – Leverage strategic interagency connections EWN 2
Strategic Pillars • Optimize the freshwater efficiency of energy production, electricity generation, and end use systems • Optimize the energy efficiency of water management, treatment, distribution, and end use systems • Enhance the reliability and resilience of energy and water systems • Increase safe and productive use of nontraditional water sources • Promote responsible energy operations with respect to water quality, ecosystem, and seismic impacts • Exploit productive synergies among water and energy systems 3
Energy and Water Systems are Interconnected 4
Secretary’s Energy-Water Roundtable Series (2015) 6 Roundtables: • Opening, Fuels, Water Infrastructure, Electricity, Systems Integration, Capstone – Key Takeaways: • Climate Change : Designers of energy technologies, policies, and systems should be cognizant – of interconnection among energy, water, and climate. Energy Security : Energy systems must mitigate risk related to water resource scarcity and – variability. Life Cycle Environmental Responsibility : Environmentally responsible energy technology and – policy development should be informed by lifecycle and systemic understanding. Systems Complexity and Systems Change : Understanding change in energy and water – systems is required for forward-looking technology investment and policy thinking. Next Steps: • Support Priority Technology RDD&D – Build a Data, Modeling, and Analysis Platform to Improve Understanding and Inform – Decision-Making For a Broad Range of Users Engage States to Advance Innovative, Integrated Policy Designs at Multiple Scales – Pursue Innovative Finance Models to Leverage Opportunities across Multiple Sectors – Pursue Bilateral International Collaboration to Solve Shared Challenges at the Energy-Water – Nexus 5
Energy-Water Nexus Work Areas EWN 6
Responding to Challenges in the Energy-Water System Energy Technology Forces on System Climate Change Pathways (Mitigation and Adaptation) Technology Solutions Water-Efficient Cooling Sustainable Energy-Optimized Low-Energy Water Utilities Treatment, Management, and Beneficial Use of Nontraditional Waters Policy and Institutional Changes Regional Economic Land Use & Stakeholder and Population/ Urbanization & Development Land Cover Change Consumer Preferences Migration Infrastructure Dynamics EWN 7
Trends in Water Withdrawals of Thermoelectric Generation Relative to Other Uses The water withdrawal intensity of thermoelectric generation has decreased since 1950. Total water withdrawn by thermoelectric generation increased significantly between 1950 and 1980 and has declined somewhat since then. Data source: Maupin, M.A. et al., 2014, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1405; and EIA. 2011. Annual Energy Review 2011. 8
U.S. Power Sector is Responding With Increased Utilization of Dry Cooling and Nontraditional Water Existing Cooling Systems Proposed Cooling Systems (1,595) (30) 3% 4% 21% 31% 7% 7% 14% 13% 27% 73% Surface Water Groundwater Plant Discharge Other N/A (Dry Cooling) Data Source: EIA (2015) However… Current dry cooling technologies are more expensive and come with efficiency • penalties (and associated higher emissions). Using nontraditional water usually means more electricity for pumping and • treatment (and associated higher emissions). 9
Dry Cooling for Electricity Generation ARPA-E’s Advanced Research in Dry Cooling (ARID) Research Solicitation is funding 14 projects for a total of $30 million: ‣ • Air-cooling heat exchangers (3 projects) Flue gas H 2 O recovery & cool storage (2 projects) ‣ • Sorption & other supplemental cooling (4 projects) Combined ACC & cool storage (2 projects) • Radiative cooling and cool storage (3 projects) Sample Indirect Dry-Cooling System that Satisfies ARID Program Objectives 10
In Some Cases, Low-Emissions Generation Requires More Water (DOE, 2014) Data Source: Meldrum et al. (2013) 11
Carbon Capture Increases Water Intensity of Power 1,400 Consumption without Carbon Capture Additional Consumption with Carbon Capture 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 Consumption (gal/MWh) 0 CC PC SC IGCC Natural Gas Coal Capture technology: monoethanolamine Source (DOE, 2014). Data Source: Meldrum et al. (2013) 12
The Energy Intensity of Water Treatment and Provisioning Varies Notes Reference Low High Energy Intensity for California (kWh/MG) (kWh/MG) Treatment Drinking Water Treatment 100 16000 High: Desalination (CEC 2005) Wastewater Treatment and Distribution 1100 4600 (CEC 2005) Pumping Water Supply/Conveyance 0 14000 (CEC 2005) High: Interbasin transfer (State Water Project); Low: Gravity fed Primary Drinking Water Distribution 700 1200 (CEC 2005) Recycled Water Distribution 400 1200 (CEC 2005) High: CO River Basin Groundwater for Agriculture 500 1500 (CPUC 2011) Low: North CA Coast (source: DOE, 2014) Many trends may increase the energy consumption by the water sector, including: • Increased demand for water; • Retrieving water from further away or harder-to-reach sources; • Treating nontraditional water for beneficial use; and • Meeting more stringent environmental regulations. 13
Energy Positive Water Resource Recovery NSF/EPA/DOE/WE&RF Collaboration: water resource recovery test bed network that • linked to policy-making. http://www.werf.org/testbednetwork Complements EERE work on wastewater accelerator, wastewater technical • assistance, and waste-to-energy R&D EWN 14
Clean Water Technologies Address manufacturing barriers to producing low-energy, cost-competitive clean water • Technology priorities arise from facility-level systems-relevant challenges • Leverage existing federal resources (e.g. DOI/Bureau of Reclamation testbeds) • Request for Information to be issued soon • Energy Flexibility Electricity, Fossil, Renewable, Waste Heat Water Sources • Seawater Water Output Post • Surface Purification Water • Municipal treatment • Lake (including Intake • Industrial • Brackish and desalination) • Agricultural • Processes transport • Produced • Extracted Residual Sludge, Brine, Toxins, Bio solids EWN 15
Selected Recent Events Illustrating the Energy Sector’s Vulnerability to Climate Change Source: U.S. Energy Sector Vulnerabilities to Climate Change and Extreme Weather (DOE, 2013) 16
Data, Modeling, and Analysis Platform National M A D Layered Energy Resilience Integrated Multi-System, Impact, Adaptation, and Data-Knowledge System Multi-Scale Modeling Vulnerability Strategic Framework and IAV Modeling Research and Analysis Electric Power Water Systems Land Use/Cover Regional Climate Population/Migration Regional-Scale Data, Modeling, and Analysis Test Beds Sub-Regional 17
Energy and Water Systems Integration Capturing the Benefits of Integrated Resource Management for Water & • Electricity Utilities and their Partners (Workshop with University of California- 2015) Convened utilities and policymakers in water and electricity – Identified opportunities in developing shared systems understanding ; data and – analytics ; and logistics and implementation to make progress in GHG emissions reduction, resilience, and resource efficiency Integrated Desalination and Energy Design Competition with Israel (2016) • Competition for designs for novel integrated energy and desalinization systems – that can: • Flexibly interface with the modern electric grid . • Vary their operations depending on current conditions. • Economically and flexibly balance input and output flows of water, electricity, and wastes. US-EU Collaboration on Power-Water Systems Modeling (2016 workshop) • Focused on innovative power-water linkages in models to inform policy and other – decision-making Identified next steps, including exploring coupling between water and electricity – sectors that increases flexibility to increase resilience EWN 18
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