PLASTIC(WASTE(MANAGEMENT( FROM(LAND2BASED(SOURCES( IN(VIET(NAM: CHALLE N GES AND SOLUTIONS
1.General information about Viet Nam Natural geography conditions: • Coastal line about 3,200 km; • 2,360 rivers (the length is over 10 km); • 114 river mouths; • 13 river basins; High pressure to the environment: • Urbanization speed average: 1%- 1,02%/year • Crowded population: about 94 million; (increasing speed average 1 million/year) • Rapid industrial development.
2.# Main sources of plastic waste from land- based sources ! The plastic consumption increases quickly in Viet Nam from 3.8 kg in 1990 to 43 kg per capita in 2017. ! Plastic waste occupies 8-12% of total domestic solid waste (about 23 million tons/year – average 667g capita/day); estimating amount of plastic waste generated from 1.8 to 2.8 million tons/ year; ! Microplastic from wastewater and urban run off. ! Plastic waste is generated from facilities and manufacturers: almost collected and recycled .
The$potential$generation$of$plastic$waste ! Plastic(industry(has(a( Thousand(tons high(growth(rate(of(166 450 400 18%(/(year. 350 300 ! 75680%(of(raw(material( 250 for(plastic(industry( 200 150 from(import(area( 100 including(a(increasing( 50 0 number(of(the(plastic( 2016 2017 6(months(of(2018 waste. The$import$of$plastic$waste$for$domestic$production$is$ increasing$quickly Source:$thoibaotaichinhvietnam.vn
Legal&documents&concerning ! Law on Environmental Protection in 2014 ! Law on Environmental Protection Tax in 2010 ! Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP of the Government on management of waste and discarded materials ! Decree No. 19/2015 / ND-CP of the Government detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Environmental Protection ! Circular No. 36/2015/ TT-BTNMT of the Minister of MONRE on the management of hazardous waste ! Decision No. 16/2015/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister and Circular No. 34/2017/ TT-BTNMT on recall and treatment of discarded products . ! Decree No. 67/2011/ND-CP of the Government detailing and guiding the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Environmental Protection Tax. ! Circular No. 07/2012 / TT-BTNMT of the Minister of MONRE providing the criterion of, order of, procedures for recognition of environmentally friendly-plastic bags; ! Decree No. 155/2016 / ND-CP of the Government on providing for penalties for administrative violations against regulations on environmental protection. ! Criminal Law and Civil Law including punishment for environmental violation ! National environmental standards and technical standards related to solid wastes and wastewater.
3.#Main#Challenges#in#plastic#waste#management ! Haven’t(had(any(comprehensive(survey(of(plastic(waste( from(land(based(sources(and(its(impacts(to(the(marine( environment; ! Ineffective(implementation(of(legal(documents(and( policies(in(plastic(waste(management; ! Low(awareness(of(individuals(and(organizations(in( plastic(waste(and(its(impacts; ! Insufficient(regulation(in(plastic(waste(management .
Ineffective)implementation)of))collection) and)treatment)of)domestic)solid)waste) The average collection rate of domestic solid waste includes: ! 85% in urban areas; ! 60% i n the suburban areas; ! 54% in# rural areas and ! 10%#i n remote areas ,# ! The rest of domestic solid waste is disposed in the environment. Plastic#waste#at#Ly#Son#Island
The(average(of(domestic(solid(waste(collected(is(from(55%(to( 65%(( approximately 0.6/million//to/1.3/million/tons/of/plastic/ waste/year/is/not/collected9mismanaged ) 12 70 11 66 10 10 60 55 8 Số*lượng*Tỉnh/thành*phố 8 50 7 6 6 6 40 5 5 (%) 4 61 30 3 2 20 0 0 10 0*+*(10) 10*+*(20) 20*+*(30) 30*+*(40) 40*+*(50) 50*+*(60) 60*+*(70) 70*+*(80) 80*+*(90) 90*+*(100) 0 (%) Số Tỉnh/thành*phố*=*61 Tỉnh/Thành/phố/trực/thuộc/trung/ương Source:(Ministry(of(Construction
Limited'treatment'of'domestic'solid'wastes ! Many% landfill sites,%especially% landfill( sites%in%rural%areas,%are%open%areas,% therefore%floods%are%easily%washed%away%to%water%sources,%rivers%and%the% sea. Waste(beside(the(Nhue river. source:(http://baothuathienhue.vn Source:(http://hanoimoi.com.vn
Limitation(in(recycling( of(plastic(waste ! Almost recycling of plastic waste is collected informally by unofficials ! Craft Villages recycle almost plastic waste, however these Villages are limited in management: only 1748/5096 craft villages (34%) meeting the legal criteria.
Limitation(in(wastewater(treatment • Just 10-11% of wastewater from urban areas treated (40/787 urban areas); • Most of 5096 trade/craft villages without wastewater treatment systems; • Just%60%%of%wastewater%%treated%from%industrial%zones% treated;%10.5%%of%industrial%clusters%having%wastewater% treatment%facilities;% • Wastewater%from%rural%areas%is%directly%discharged% into%the%environment. ! Haven’t(surveyed(the(level(of(microplastic(in( wastewater.
Limited'management'of'single/use'plastic'bags Chart$Title ! Single use plastic bags 10000 hardly decomposed are so 9000 8000 popular in a large number of 7000 traditional markets. 6000 5000 ! They are free for customers; 4000 3000 one customer use about 5-10 2000 bags for one marketing time 1000 0 ! Reasons: Traditional$Markets Supermarket Trade$center ! The low$ environmental tax on plastic bags ( 30,000( 50,000VND/kg = 1.3 - 1.7 Traditional$markets USD/kg). ! Lacking$of$tax$management$ ! plastic bag’s price is so cheap: 1.7 USD for 1kg/160-470 bags ( =$tax). Market$level$1$(provicial$scale) Market$level$2$(district$scale) Market$level$3$(commune$scale) ! Sources:$Statistic$of$General$Statistics$Office$of$Vietnam$in$2017
Lack%of%regulations%concerning ! Plastic(waste(is(not( regulated(as(one(kind(of( wastes,(which(have(to( recall(and(treat(after( using; ! No(detail(regulation(to( deal(with(plastic(waste(in( the(environment .
Low$level$of$awareness$of$using$plastic$bag ! Threw&plastic&waste& directly&to&the& environment&as&their& habit; ! Feel&free&to&use&single&use& plastic&bags; ! No&body&is&punished& while&these&violations&are& regulated&in&Law&on& Citizens&in&Ly&Son&island&carelessly& administrative&violations. disposed&waste&into&the&sea Sources:&infonet.vn
The$impact$of$plastic$waste$to$the$ marine$environment ! Haven’t(had(any(research( to(evaluate(the( comprehensive(impact(of( plastic(waste(to(social7 economic(and(marine( environment. ! Marine(plastic(waste(is( popular:(50%(debris(and( 50%(fish(for(each(fishing( in(the(coastal(area; Marine(debris(in(Binh Thuan Beach Source:(VTV
SOLUTIONS
Actions(of(Viet(Nam ! At#the#high#level:#in#October# 2018,#the Central#Committee#of# the#Communist#Party#of# Vietnam#promulgated# Resolution#No.#36FNQ/TW#on# the#Strategy#for#Sustainable# Development#of#Vietnam's# Maritime#Economy#to#2030# with#a#vision#to#2045. ! One#of#its#targets#is#to# manage& effectively&marine&debris,& especially&ocean&plastic& waste.
Commitments)of)the)Vietnamese) Government)in)2018)at)international)forums) to)fight)against)ocean)plastic)waste.
Actions(at(the(central(Government ! The P.M approved the Decision no 622/QD- TTg on May 2017 promulgating the National Action Plan to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: one of its targets is to detail the Goal 14 of Agenda 2030. ! The Prime Minister approved the Decision no 491/Q Đ -TTg dated on 07/5/2018 to modify the National Strategy on the integrated solid waste management to 2025, a vision to 2050, its targets: 2025: 100% environmentally-friendly plastic bags ! used in trade centers and supermarkets; 80% of the domestic solid waste in rural area and ! 90% in urban area will be collected, stored, transported and treated. 100% landfill sites are managed based on the ! environmental standards. ! The Directive of the P.M no 27 dated in September 2018 is to limit the import of plastic waste as material input. ! October(2018:(MONRE(launched(a( movement(to(fight(against(the(plastic(wastes( at(whole(country(with(the(participation(of( various(representatives .
Next%actions ! National(Assembly: ! Reforming(the(Law(on(Environmental(Tax(with(the(higher(tax( for(nylon(bags(in(2019; ! Planning(to(reform(the(Law(on(Environmental(Protection(to( detail(regulations(to(control(plastic(waste(in(2019E2020. ! The(Government: ! Implement effectively the collection and treatment of domestic solid waste and wastewater and encourage the private sector joining this work. ! Encourage(the(companies(to(produce(plastic(bags(being( friendly(with(the(environment(and(recycling(plastic(products; ! Promote(the(development(of(science(and(technology(to(take( precaution,(prevent,(control(and(treat(the(plastic(waste ! Enhance(awareness(of(people(about(the(impact(of(plastic( waste(to(their(health(and(the(marine(environment. ! Mobilize(the(participation(of(social(union(such(as(the(Youth( Union(and(Women(Union.
Next%actions ! Developing* the$ National$Action$Plan$ to*summit*the*Prime* Minister*for*approval*in* 2019*against*the*plastic* waste*at*sea.* ! In*progress*of* establishment*of*the* Centre*on*Regional* Research*on*Marine* Plastic*Waste.
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