Plant health surveys in Europe: background, current situation and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Massimo Faccoli University of Padua, Italy

Plant health surveys in Europe: background, current situation and next challenges

DETECTION AND CONTROL OF FOREST INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN A DYNAMIC WORLD 25-28 September 2019 Ljubljana, Slovenia

The number of non-native species is constantly increasing… ……….and this trend is not going to stop!

2

International trade is constantly increasing

Climate change favors non- native species invasion

4

Asia and Africa: exploring new markets means accessibility of new species!

No of bark beetles intercepted in the USA

Where are exotic species from?

European countries largely differ in the number of alien invertebrates Western countries the most colonized Species richness correlated with:

• country surface area
• longitude & latitude
• per-capita income
• volume of imports
• size of the road network
• No. Alien

invertebrate species 7-49 50-99 100-199 200-299 300-399 400-499 500-589

Distribution of alien species in EU

Med countries more susceptible:

• climatic conditions
• habitat diversity
• N of points-of-entry

New Zealand USA

Coleoptera are among the most succesfull non- native species …

Who are the invaders?

Bark beetles Ambrosia beetles bore under the bark phloem-feeders high host specificity

Scolytinae Cerambycidae

bore within the wood fungus-feeders low host specificity

… and among coleoptera there are mainly wood- boring beetles!

International trade + Global warming = Biological invasions

We CANNOT STOP biological invasions!

but we can try to contain the problem and to reduce the impacts

Early-detection, quick-identification, rapid response

How to contain the problem?

1) Inventory of alien species and updated databases

18 teams covering whole Europe 42 countries and 20 islands surveyed

The first inventory of aliens at a continental scale

12000 alien species from plants to mammals 100 factsheets for the ‘worst’ invasive species + 100 for most representative terrestrial invertebrates

“Handbook of alien invasive species in Europe”, Springer-Verlag, September 2008

http://www.europe-aliens.org

https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu

EASIN facilitates the exploration of existing Alien Species information from a variety of distributed information sources recognized standards.

EPPO Datasheets: an information exchange system

Information about taxonomy, distribution, host-trees, biology, detection, damage, control, survey techniques and identification of invasive alien species:

...but also PERSEUS, EUROPHYT, PIN …

Different species travel in different ways!

Meurisse et al. 2019

2) Better understand the entry pathways:

How to contain the problem?

• How do

alien species move?

• Which are

the more risky commodities?

Know the pathways of arrival and the infested goods to concentrate the survey in the most risky sites:

Industrial parks Timber importers Wood-waste landfills Urban areas Tree nurseries Port-of-entry

• Save time
• Reduce the monitoring costs
• Increase the probability of early-detection and

quick-eradication

Natural habitats

Planning the survey: identify the best sites!

Port Surrounding forests 10 km

Import Forest cover Richness Forest type

Direct detection methods

Direct good inspection and IAS detection

Emergence holes and larval galleries Wood dust and frass Insect occurrence

3) Develop new tools and strategies for detection of IAS

How to contain the problem?

Sentinel trees: species known to be susceptible for a

certain target insect

Potted trees in ports and airports Check urban trees

Undirect detection methods: looking for IAS not

• n the goods but in the environment

Black

Trap models

A lot of trap models exist on the market…. Multi-funnel Cross-vane

Black Green Purple Green

Multitrap

Any color

… but specific organisms may need specific requirements!

Trapping: traps baited with attractive lures at high-risk sites

Choose the trap model according to the target species

• r group of species

Bark beetles Longhorn beetles Jewel beetles Slot-window traps Cross-vane traps Multi-funnel traps

Lures

Generic lures Kairomones (e.g. ethanol, α-pinene) Wide range of species (e.g. generic early-detection) Specific lures Pheromones (e.g., Galloprotect Kit) Single species (e.g. quarantine species)

Xyleborus volvulus Xyleborus ferrugineus

11 species of scolytids 6 ambrosia beetles 5 bark beetles 3 species of longhorn beetles

Cordylomera spinicornis Phoracantha recurva Xylotrechus stebbingi

Native Exotic

14 67 8 2 4

Established Intercepted New

Surveillance at ports with generic lures:

VS Positive: Lower number

• f traps

Negative: Possible negative interactions among lures?

Traps activated with: Multi-lure: Single-lure

Single-lure Vs multi-lure in Italian ports, an example:

• - Camera located under the trap
• - Image took from above the trap container

Multi-funnel traps modified with camera

Smart-traps provided of camera sending pictures to a web-site (or a smart-phone) Develop and exploit innovative tools:

Acanthocinus griseus (8-13 mm) Monochamus galloprovincialis/sutor (21-35 mm)

Smart-traps

Leptoglossus occidentalis (16-20 mm)

Smart-trap applications

http://www.trapview.com/en

Smart-traps: possible automatic identification and counting of trapped insects!

Light-traps in the containers

Trans-traps: intercept alien species before their arrival!

Sniffer dogs: trained for detection of specific pests

Succesfull on various insect species (e.g., Anoplophora glabripennis)

Develop and exploit innovative tools:

Laser vibrometry

Vibrometer

Sounds and vibrations produced by larvae during feeding (or moving) inside the wood

Develop and exploit innovative tools:

• A. glabripennis
• M. galloprovincialis
• S. punctata
• N. acuminatus
• X. stebbingii

Faccoli, unpublished data

Different species produce different stridulations!

4) Increase collaboration between research centers and field operators:

Which species are most commonly intercepted in

• ther EU countries?

PIN (Port Information Network) Which species are most commonly intercepted in

• ther continents?

European Union Notification System for Plant Health Interceptions - EUROPHYT

How to contain the problem?

4.a: Better exploit information reported on interception databases

4.b Identify and report also native species trapped or intercepted at ports

Native species trapped at ports in Italy (2012-2014) Exotic species intercepted at ports in the USA (1984-2014) Abundance in Italian ports Abundance in Italian ports N° of interceptions in the US N° of receiving US countries Rassati and Faccoli, unpublished

Identification of trapped insects in generic surveillance: morphology

a) Morphology keys books websites experts Training for insect identification, e.g.

http://ambrosiasymbiosis.org/academy

Better exploit and reinforce EU laboratories for species identification! 5) Quick and sure species identification

How to contain the problem?

Identification of trapped insects and associated organisms: genetics

b) Genetic analysis HTS DNA metabarcoding List of trapped Species (if I have the primers)

5) Quick and sure species identification

How to contain the problem?

Exploit citizen science

6) Citizen science: awareness raising campaigns

How to contain the problem?

Programme in the USA: detect alien species in your garden!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_co ntinue=20&v=VBM0namAJz8

• Cheap
• Easy to handle
• Citizen science
• Mainly for bark and ambrosia beetles

http://www.backyardbarkbeetles.org/

7) International collaboration and coordination

How to contain the problem?

International analysis center

EDRR Programme in the USA:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CbZkl_Ksc0&t=99s

Multi-funnel trap

Training video:

List of available cameras Latest image Cameras location Cameras location

Conclusions

• Biological invasions will increase in the next future
• We cannot stop them
• We can contrast by:

1) Better knowledge of IAS 2) Better understanding of arrival pathways 3) Develop and exploit innovative tools 4) Increase collaboration between operators 5) Quick species identification 6) Citizen science 7) International collaboration and coordination

Two new «friends» found this year in Slovenia …

Ambrosiodmus rubricollis Ambrosiophilus atratus