1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Science content for middle school teachers (Grades 5–8) 2012 1 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Group Norms • Those who work, learn. • Look for solutions, not blame. • Focus on systems, not people. • Everyone has expertise. • Challenge ideas. • Share talk time. • Respect our professional environment. 2012 2 1
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Coffee Talk “Scientific inquiry reflects how scientists come to understand the natural world, and it is at the heart of how students learn. From a very early age, children interact with their environment, ask questions, and seek ways to answer those questions. Understanding science content is significantly enhanced when ideas are anchored to inquiry experiences.” National Science Teachers Association Position Statement on Scientific Inquiry October 2004 2012 3 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter What does inquiry look like? NSTA recommends that students • Learn how to identify and ask appropriate questions that can be answered through scientific investigations. • Design and conduct investigations to collect the evidence needed to answer a variety of questions. • Use appropriate equipment and tools to interpret and analyze data. • Learn how to draw conclusions and think critically and logically to create explanations based on their evidence. • Communicate and defend their results to their peers and others. 2012 4 2
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter How can educators foster inquiry-based learning? NSTA recommends that science teachers: • Plan an inquiry-based science program that incorporates appropriate content knowledge. • Implement approaches to teaching science that cause students to question and explore and to use those experiences to raise and answer questions about the natural world. • Guide and facilitate learning using inquiry by selecting teaching strategies that nurture and assess students’ developing understandings and abilities. • Design and manage learning environments that provide students with the time, space, and resources needed for learning science through inquiry. 2012 5 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Inquiry in the classroom “The learning cycle approach is one of many effective strategies for bringing explorations and questioning into the classroom..” NSTA Position Statement on Scientific Inquiry October 2004 2012 6 3
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Why use the learning cycle? The learning cycle is a model of both instruction and learning, and is based on cognitive research and constructivist theory. • We construct and reconstruct meaning through our experiences. • Experiences enable us to develop schema, or mental models, that include all the knowledge we have accumulated over time. 2012 7 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Why use the learning cycle? Our mental schema are changed, enhanced, or enlarged by the processes of • Assimilation —We take in new information and experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas. • Accommodation —Old ideas are changed or replaced based on new information or experiences. • Organization —New information is organized into our mental schema and can be used in, or applied to, other situations. 2012 8 4
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Piaget’s model of mental functioning 2012 9 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter What is the learning cycle? The learning cycle is based on Jean Piaget’s model of mental functioning, and includes three phases of instruction: • Exploration provides students with firsthand experiences to investigate science phenomena; • Concept introduction allows students to build science ideas through interaction with peers, texts, and teachers; and • Concept application gives students the opportunity to use these science ideas to solve new problems. 2012 10 5
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Why use the Learning Cycle? 2012 11 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Fostering inquiry by using science journals To use the science process skills that are essential to inquiry, you will record all your work in a science journal. 2012 12 6
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Fostering inquiry by using science journals Set aside the first few pages for a Table of Contents 2012 13 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Fostering inquiry by using science journals Number the remaining pages in the upper right-hand corner 2012 14 7
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Fostering inquiry by using science journals Setting up for an investigation… 2012 15 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Fostering inquiry by using science journals 2012 16 8
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Fostering inquiry by using science journals 2012 17 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Fostering inquiry by using science journals 2012 18 9
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Today’s focus 2012 19 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter What are the properties of solids, liquids, and gases? Activity 1 Materials • 1 large syringe • 3 snap cubes • water • chart paper • 1-liter beaker • 3 zipper-type bags • bag of sand 2012 20 10
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter What are the properties of solids, liquids, and gases? Key Ideas • All matter has mass and volume (takes up space). • Matter can exist as solids, liquids, or gases. (Additional phases include plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates.) • Structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume characterize solids. • Collections of tiny solids can be poured and take on the shape of a container; however, the collection of solids will not level out when it is poured. • A liquid flows and takes on the shape of its container. • Liquids resist changes in volume. • Gases will flow and readily adjust to the volume of a container. 2012 21 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter What is the relationship between the properties of matter and heat energy? Activity 2 Materials • cold water • 2 clear plastic cups • aluminum foil • hot water (in an electric teakettle) • food coloring • tongs • 1 Styrofoam cup • hot plate • meterstick • chocolate chip minis 2012 22 11
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter What is the relationship between the properties of matter and heat energy? Key Ideas • All matter is made up of particles that are constantly in motion. This motion is a result of heat energy in matter. • There is a direct relationship between the amount of motion found in matter and the amount of heat in the matter. • As the amount of heat increases, temperature increases. Therefore an increase in temperature is a measure of the amount of heat in a system. • As heat within a system increases, the motion of individual particles that make up the matter increases. 2012 23 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter What happens to matter (solids, liquids, and gases) when heated? Activity 3 Materials • Erlenmeyer flask • hot plate • metal disk (nickel) • balloons • metal cup • metal ball and ring apparatus • large container of hot water • large container of cold water • aluminum pie pan • soap solution • nonstandard thermometer • bucket or cooler of ice • small glass bottle 2012 24 12
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter What happens to matter (solids, liquids, and gases) when heated? Key Ideas • Solids, liquids, and gases expand when heat is added. • Solids, liquids, and gases contract when heat is removed. • As heat within a substance increases, particle motion increases. • Temperature is a measure of the particle motion in a substance. 2012 25 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Why do substances change state? Activity 4 Materials • ice (crushed) • hot plate • Erlenmeyer flask • timer • thermometer • chart paper 2012 26 13
1/19/12 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter Why do substances change state? 2012 27 Physical Properties and Physical Changes to Matter What would a model that represents the molecular structure of a solid, liquid, and gas look like? Why? As a group, create a model of the molecular structure of each of the following states of matter: • Solid • Liquid • Gas Solid Liquid Gas 2012 28 14
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