Period 6 Review 1865-1898 1889 The Gospel 1876 Battle of 1865 1898 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Period 6 Review 1865-1898 1889 The Gospel 1876 Battle of 1865 1898 Spanish- 1886 1894 Pullman of Wealth written Little Big Horn AFL founded American War Reconstruction Strike Era Period 6 1869 1892 Populist 1896 McKinley 1882
1865-1898
1865
Reconstruction Era
1876 Battle of
Little Big Horn
1889 “The Gospel
1887
Dawes Act
1886
AFL founded
1894 Pullman
Strike
1869
Transcontinental RR completed 1862- Pacific Railway Act passed
1882 Chinese
Exclusion Act passed
1892 Populist
Party formed
1896 McKinley
elected president
1898 Spanish-
American War
Big Ideas of Period 6
Growth in the West
Rise of Big Business
technology
Immigration
Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to L. Sanderson, 1871
POV CCOT? POV – encouraging migration to the west after the Civil War CCOT – continuity of the 1840s migration with Manifest Destiny
TREND in the graph CCOT?
materials and manufactured goods
MINING
gold and silver was mined in the west
whites, blacks, Mexicans & Chinese
conflict with Native Americans
CATTLE FRONTIER
for meat
industry in Chicago by Gustavus Swift
FARMING
low prices and high cost of machinery
Mississippi by 1890 – Exodusters & Buffalo Soldiers
POV: Agreement with Indians & US Govt; stick to land being granted; not interfere with white settlements CCOT: Continuity depriving Natives of their land; Andrew Jackson- Trail of Tears POV CCOT
DAWES ACT
yrs.
settlers
CENTURY OF DISHONOR (1881)
Helen Hunt Jackson
broken promises
into mainstream white culture
Robber Barons or Captains of Industry
12
1870 TO 1900
Era of Industrialization Railroads, steel and oil industry dominate economy and politics Era of political corruption with government policy favoring big business over labor
REGIONAL RESPONSES TO GILDED AGE
NORTH – Growth of industry and industrial cities (Pittsburg, Chicago); flood of immigrants and migrants for work WEST – Farmers are struggling as mechanization creates overproduction and falling prices; increased prices for freight; Populism SOUTH – Some industrialization (textiles, cigarette, and iron/steel mills); 2/3 still farming; 40% of north’s ave. income. Henry Grady’s vision of “New South” is unrealized
Age of Innovation
U.S. went from a nation of farmers to a nation of factory workers
Shift in nature of work as companies implemented techniques to increase efficiency and profit
Gap between rich and poor increased
ARGUMENTS FOR
HERBERT SPENCER
benefitted society; no aid to poor because it help preserve the “unfit”
WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER
poor were a burden on society.
HORATIO ALGER
ANDREW CARNEGIE & JOHN ROCKEFELLER
poverty was punishment for laziness/bad judgement
great responsibility to provide “ladders upon which the aspiring can rise”
ARGUMENTS AGAINST
SOCIALISTS
“robber barons” who exploited labor, drove down wages, ignored hazardous working conditions to rake in the money
business
WASHINGTON GLADDEN
to respond to poverty and poor conditions
Industrial Workers
League & American Protective Association formed; Settlement House (Jane Addams) to provide social services; Jacob Riis; Progressive Era
widened for many people
women, racial minorities, unskilled workers
to the skilled worker; focused on bread & butter demands
LABOR STRIKES
conditions, better wages or end wage cuts
take side of the owners
POLITICAL MACHINES
exchange for their vote PATRONAGE
who helped get a candidate elected IMPACT OF BIG BUSINESS ON GOVT POLICIES
corporations
Key Complaints of Farmers: Low prices, insufficient credit, high interest rates, high rates by
RR and grain storage, and high prices paid for manufactured goods
infringed on Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce; Interstate Commerce Commission est’ed to regulate RR
Populist Party formed (1892)
laborers; govt ownership of RR, telephones, and telegraph
The Conservative Victory - 1896
“…we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." —William Jennings Bryan
1898-1945
1898
Spanish- American War
1906 Meat
Inspection Act
1919-1920
18th & 19th Amendments
1914-17
WWI
1913
17th Amendment – direct election
1924 National
Origins Act passed
1899
Open Door note
1912 Wilson
elected president
1920 Red Scare
& Palmer Raids
1929 Stock
Market Crash; Great Depression begins
1945 End WWII 1939 Hitler
invades Poland
1933-38 New
Deal legislation
1932 Bonus
Army march; FDR elected
1941 Pearl
Harbor attacked
1942 Battle of
Midway
1944 D-Day
invasion
23
America grew as a world power
Progressive Era
resulting from urbanization and industrialization
WWI & Return to Isolationism
Great Depression & New Deal WWII
Cause 2: Close of the Frontier
finite
valve for Americans
Cause 4: American Nationalism
for commercial and military fleets
CAUSES
Cuban Revolution against Spain
rounding up Cubans into reconcentration camps
Yellow journalism
Sinking of the Maine
yellow press quickly blamed the Spanish
EFFECTS
US acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines
(1904)
Cuba becomes independent but U.S. maintains right to interfere to prevent involvement of foreign country (Teller Amendment) Open Door Policy (1899)
IMPERALIST Point of View ANTI-IMPERALIST Point of View
US needs colonies to compete economically Supporting an empire would be a financial burden To be a true world power, US needs colonies & naval bases US should concentrate its energies on solving problems at home It is America’s destiny to expand & its duty to care for the poor, weak peoples Nonwhite people cannot be assimilated into American society To abandon territories makes the US appear cowardly in the eyes of the world An empire would involve the US in more wars It is only honorable to keep land that Americans lost their lives to obtain It is a violation of democratic principles to annex land & not offer its people the same rights as those of US citizens
WHO: Teddy Roosevelt, President McKinley, Republican party,
businessmen, Josiah Strong, Alfred T. Mahan
WHO: Former president Grover Cleveland, Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, William Jennings Bryan, Anti-Imperialist League
KEY IDEAS
Government was need to play an active role in political corruption, social injustice and economic equality caused during the Gilded Age
Efforts were to build a more democratic and just society
KEY PEOPLE
Muckraker journalists
Middle & upper-middle class urban reformers including women
African Americans
Presidents: T Roosevelt, W Wilson
ACHIEVEMENTS
historic sites
Democratic reforms
Social Reforms
CCOT:
Deal programs, and later LBJ’s Great Society
EVENTS THAT LED US TO JOIN THE WAR
blockades and attacks on US merchant ships
MOBILIZING FOR THE WAR
War Industries Board
Food Administration Great Migration
in war industries
Committee on Public Information
Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
Japanese aggression
Washington Naval Conference (1921)
Dawes Plan (1924)
payments
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
1) America was exhausted & disillusioned after WW1; became distrustful of “outsiders”
2) Wave Consumerism hits America
3) Societal Impacts
4) Get rich quick
CAUSES
1) Overproduction 2) Underconsumption 3) Speculation in the Stock Market 4) Easy credit 5) Uneven distribution of income/spending
EFFECTS
1) Unemployment 2) Business failures 3) Bank failures 4) GNP dropped 5) Increased foreclosures
HOOVER
Rejected calls for government help
Federal relief would undermine America’s values of “rugged individualism”
Local charities should help
Emergency Loans to Businesses
Would “trickle down” to people
Despair
Bonus Marchers Farmers destroying crops Hoovervilles
FDR
Promised the American people a NEW DEAL 3Rs: Relief, Recovery, and Reform Skillful use of the radio – “Fireside Chats” – to communicate his programs; generate trust with the American people
Critics of the New Deal
Americans
unconstitutional
New Deal as unconstitutional Court Packing Scheme – replace justices over the age of 70; met with resistance even from Democrats controlling Congress
REALIGNMENT OF POLITICS
African Americans, minority groups and working class, especially labor unions, came to support the Democratic party
guaranteeing right to exist and resolve issues through negotiations.
Organizations formed in 1936
In the 1930s, Americans opposed fascism but also
Pearl Harbor (1941). Public debate focused on pro-British support to stave off Nazi supremacy and isolationists (Charles Lindberg) who said helping Britain was useless as the Nazis had already won.
FDR MOVES TO SUPPORT ALLIES
Cash & Carry (1939) Destroyer for Bases (1940) Lend-Lease (1941) “Four Freedoms” speech Jan 1941
secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms…freedom of speech & expression…freedom to worship…freedom from want…freedom from fear…”
Atlantic Charter – August 1941
world in which all people have a right to choose their own govt; no territorial changes; a new “League of Nations” [United Nations}
Continued effort by govt as in WWI to mobilize all aspects of the economy & ppl to fight WWII
Changes in fighting WWII
combat
Americans in internment camps
also worked in industries & railroads; Zoot Suit riots in LA (1943)
1) Cooperation between US and Allies 2) Technological advancements, including the Atomic Bomb 3) Contributions of men and women on the frontlines as well as on the homefront 4) Military Strategy
5) Industrial Output
United States emerged from WWII as the world’s most powerful and prosperous country, and leading industrial power. WWII was a turning point in many ways for the US– migration patterns, groups of people, foundation for the civil rights movement, changes in the military. American leaders focused on building a peaceful, prosperous world
isolationism after WWII. It became the leading defender of democracy and freedom in the world. As the Soviets tightened its grip in Eastern Europe, America found itself fighting a new type of war.
Thesis + Contextualization (2 pts)
Makes a claim that responds to the prompt, rather than restating prompt Relate the topic of the prompt to the broader historical events; tell the story
Analyzing 5 documents (3 pts)
Describe – do not quote – the contents of the document + explain how/why it supports your argument Use content from 2 documents to support argument = 2 pts. Use content from 4 documents to support argument = 1 pt.
Outside evidence (2 pts)
1 piece of specific historical evidence relevant to argument = 1 pt 1 more piece of specific historical evidence relevant to argument = 1 pt.
Sourcing (2 pts)
Historical situation Intended (Unintended)Audience Point of View Purpose Explain how/why the document’s sourcing is relevant to your argument Only have to do one type of sourcing for ea. document 1 document = 1 pt. 1 more pt. for 1 more document = 2 points
Complexity (1 pt)
Use evidence to corroborate, qualify or modify an argument that addresses the question Explain similarities & differences; continuity & change; cause & effect Relevant connects within & across time periods Modify an argument by looking at diverse or alternative views or evidence
“When [women] sink dog-tired into bed these evenings, often as not a lively jive party is just starting in the adjoining room. Getting eight hours’ sleep a night to bolster aching arms and feet for another eight hours’ stand on the Glenn Martin aircraft-assembly line is practically impossible when four girls, sharing the same cramped one-bedroom apartment on Baltimore’s sweltering Mt. Royal Avenue, keep working hours that stretch right around the clock. . . . “You’ll do a man’s job and you’ll get a man’s pay check,” Glenn L. Martin tells his 4000 women employees, “but you’ll be treated as the men are treated”. . . .
“Americans all, are involved in a gigantic war effort to assure victory for the cause of freedom – the four freedoms that have been so nobly expressed by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister
and the freedoms which we cherish for ourselves and for the rest of the world, therefore we have adopted the. . .war cry – victory over our enemies at home and victory over our enemies on the battlefields abroad. Thus in our fight for freedom we wage a two-pronged attack against our enslavers at home and those abroad who would enslave us. WE HAVE A STAKE IN THIS FIGHT . . . . WE ARE AMERICANS, TOO!”