Period 6 Review 1865-1898
1889 “The Gospel 1876 Battle of 1865 1898 Spanish- 1886 1894 Pullman of Wealth” written Little Big Horn AFL founded American War Reconstruction Strike Era Period 6 1869 1892 Populist 1896 McKinley 1882 Chinese 1887 Transcontinental RR Party formed elected president Exclusion Act passed completed Dawes Act 1862- Pacific Railway Act passed
Big Ideas of Period 6 Growth in the West Causes and Effects Railroads Free Land, Natural Resources Native Americans culture destroyed Rise of Big Business Causes and Effects Industrialization & advancements in technology Labor movement Arguments for and Against Social Darwinism Gospel of Wealth The New South: Myth or Reality Immigration New Immigration from S/E Europe Internal Migration from rural to urban areas
Growth of the West Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to L. Sanderson, 1871 POV CCOT? POV – encouraging migration to the west after the Civil War CCOT – continuity of the 1840s migration with Manifest Destiny
Cut travel time to 1 week vs. 6 months o Created an integrated national market for raw o materials and manufactured goods Led to the creation of 4 standardized time zones o Sped up settlement of the west o TREND in the graph CCOT?
MINING o Between 1860 and 1890, $2 billion in gold and silver was mined in the west o Boom Towns – Ghost Towns o Diverse population in mining towns: whites, blacks, Mexicans & Chinese o Lead to new states and increased conflict with Native Americans
CATTLE FRONTIER Growing cities in east led to increased demand o for meat Cattle trails replaced by railroads o Cattle drives replaced by ranching in 1890 o Refrigerated cars (1877) led to meatpacking o industry in Chicago by Gustavus Swift
FARMING 160 acres of free land – Homestead Act (1862) o 2/3 of all homesteads failed due to weather, o low prices and high cost of machinery Reverse migration back to east (late 1880s) o 500,000 African Americans lived west of the o Mississippi by 1890 – Exodusters & Buffalo Soldiers
POV CCOT POV: Agreement with Indians & US Govt; stick to land being granted; not interfere with white settlements CCOT: Continuity depriving Natives of their land; Andrew Jackson- Trail of Tears
Native American Conflict
DAWES ACT CENTURY OF DISHONOR (1881) o Dissolved the tribes as legal entities Helen Hunt Jackson ◦ Detailed long history of mistreatment and o Distributed tribal lands broken promises o 160 acres to Natives with promise of citizenship after 25 ◦ Created sympathy for Indians yrs. o “Excess” Indian lands were sold to railroad and white ◦ Supported policy to bring Native Americans settlers into mainstream white culture o 90 million acres lost
Rise of Big Business Robber Barons or Captains of Industry 12
The Gilded Age 1870 TO 1900 REGIONAL RESPONSES TO GILDED AGE NORTH – Growth of industry and industrial cities (Pittsburg, Chicago); flood of immigrants Era of Industrialization and migrants for work Railroads, steel and oil industry dominate WEST – Farmers are struggling as economy and politics mechanization creates overproduction and Era of political corruption with government falling prices; increased prices for freight; policy favoring big business over labor Populism SOUTH – Some industrialization (textiles, cigarette, and iron/steel mills); 2/3 still farming; 40% of north’s ave. income. Henry Grady’s vision of “New South” is unrealized
2 nd Industrial Revolution Age of Innovation o Steel – railroads & skyscrapers o Communication – Telegraph to telephone o Electricity & lightbulb U.S. went from a nation of farmers to a nation of factory workers o More people were working for wages living in cities than ever before o Unskilled labor of factory worker = poor conditions, low wages, dangerous conditions, poverty Shift in nature of work as companies implemented techniques to increase efficiency and profit o Mass production Gap between rich and poor increased
Captains of Industry or Robber Barons ARGUMENTS FOR ARGUMENTS AGAINST HERBERT SPENCER SOCIALISTS o Social Darwinism – concentration of wealth in hands of the “fittest” o Argued the “captains of industry” were greedy benefitted society; no aid to poor because it help preserve the “unfit” “robber barons” who exploited labor, drove down wages, ignored hazardous working conditions to WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER rake in the money o Considered poverty the natural result of natural inferiorities and argued o Also denounced close links between gov’t and big poor were a burden on society. business HORATIO ALGER WASHINGTON GLADDEN o Improvement came through hard work; opportunity not govt’ handouts o Competition and selfishness is unchristian o Rags to riches – honesty, hard work & a little luck o Labor is human, not a commodity o Need govt. regulation to reverse the trend ANDREW CARNEGIE & JOHN ROCKEFELLER o SOCIAL GOSPEL movement – religion compels us o Wealth was a result of the “law of competition” and hard work/talent; to respond to poverty and poor conditions poverty was punishment for laziness/bad judgement o CCOT…? o “The Gospel of Wealth” – Carnegie argued that with great wealth came great responsibility to provide “ladders upon which the aspiring can rise”
Industrial Workers o Workforce expanded due to immigration and migration o New Immigrants (S/E Europe, Asia) o Mostly settle in northeast cities o “Melting pot vs salad bowl” o Tenements o Reactions: NATIVISM: Immigration Restriction League & American Protective Association formed; Settlement House (Jane Addams) to provide social services; Jacob Riis; Progressive Era o While wages increased, the gap between rich & poor widened for many people o Attempt to organize labor unions o KNIGHTS OF LABOR (1869) - Open membership: women, racial minorities, unskilled workers o AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (1886) - Catered to the skilled worker; focused on bread & butter demands
LABOR STRIKES Workers are fighting for better o conditions, better wages or end wage cuts Govt steps in to stop strike, o take side of the owners
Politics of Gilded Age POLITICAL MACHINES o Boss Tweed provided immigrants with help in exchange for their vote PATRONAGE o “Spoils system”: Giving government jobs to people who helped get a candidate elected IMPACT OF BIG BUSINESS ON GOVT POLICIES o Laissez-faire or “hands off” policy of govt toward corporations o Favoring corporations over labor and farmers
Rise of Populism Key Complaints of Farmers : Low prices, insufficient credit, high interest rates, high rates by RR and grain storage, and high prices paid for manufactured goods EARLY VICTORIES: Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. vs. IL (1886): ruled Granger laws unconstitutional b/c it infringed on Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce; Interstate Commerce Commission est’ed to regulate RR SUPPORTED FREE SILVER: Easier to pay debts; more money in circulation; US goes off bi-mentalism Populist Party formed (1892) o Free coinage of silver; graduated income tax; secret ballot; direct election of Senators; initiative & referendum; restriction on immigration; 8-hr day for laborers; govt ownership of RR, telephones, and telegraph o William Jennings Bryant – presidential candidate in 1896 & 1900
The Conservative Victory - 1896 Birth of modern campaigning End of the People’s Party “…we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you End of the Forgettable Presidents of Gilded Age shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall Grant, Hayes Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." —William Jennings Bryan
Period 7 Review 1898-1945
1913 1898 17 th Amendment 1924 National 1939 Hitler 1945 End WWII – direct election Spanish- P Origins Act passed invades Poland American War of Senators e 1919-1920 1942 Battle of 1932 Bonus r 1906 Meat 18 th & 19 th Midway Army march; FDR Inspection Act Amendments elected i o d 7 1944 D-Day 1920 Red Scare 1933-38 New 1912 Wilson invasion elected president & Palmer Raids Deal legislation 1899 1929 Stock 1914-17 1941 Pearl Open Door note Market Crash; Great WWI Harbor attacked Depression begins
Big Ideas for Period 7 America grew as a world power International competition to establish/maintain colonies & empires Increasing industrialization and need to develop markets/resources Closing of the frontier in 1890 Spanish-American War Progressive Era Role of government to control business & protect consumers Demonstrated ability of gov’t and people to address problems resulting from urbanization and industrialization WWI & Return to Isolationism Events that drew America into the war America mobilizes for the war Post-war Isolationism – myth & reality Roaring 20s American culture Great Depression & New Deal WWII Causes of the Great Depression FDR’s New Deal programs: Impact on various groups of Americans From Storm Cellar diplomacy to the Defender of Democracy 23
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