PERF GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON USE OF FORCE & ICAT: INTEGRATING - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

PERF

GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON USE OF FORCE & ICAT: INTEGRATING COMMUNICATION, ASSESSMENT, AND TACTICS PRESENTER: TOM WILSON

WHO IS PERF?

 Membership organization founded by 10 chiefs in 1976  Dedicated to questioning the conventional thinking in policing  Conducts research on best practices and policies  PERF is governed by a member-elected President and Board of Directors and a Board-appointed Executive

• Director. A staff of approximately 30 full-time

professionals is based in Washington, D.C.

WHO ARE PERF MEMBERS?

PERF members include chief executives of large and smaller police agencies in the United States and around the world; executives below the rank of chief; researchers and scholars; and others interested and involved in the criminal justice

• field. All members must be committed to

PERF’s founding principles and must possess a four-year college degree.

WHAT DOES PERF DO?

Research Publications Management Services Executive Searches Senior Management Institute for Police

PERF PUBLICATIONS

OVERVIEW AND HISTORY OF THE USE OF FORCE INITIATIVE AND ICAT TRAINING

Ho How man w many par participants agree la icipants agree law enf w enfor

• rcement

cement recruit training pr recruit training properly prepares the ne

• perly prepares the new

w

• f
• fficer t

ficer to handle critical police incidents handle critical police incidents including individuals in crisis? including individuals in crisis? A) A) Ag Agree B) B) Disagree Disagree

POLLING QUESTION

2015 PERF SURVEY ON USE-OF-FORCE TRAINING

6 8 8 8 8 8 10 16 24 40 49 58 OC Spray ECW Baton Crisis Intervention De-escalation UoF Policy Communication Skills Basic first-aid UoF Scenario-Based Training Con Law/Legal Issues Defensive Tactics Firearms 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Hour Hours

Hour Hours Spent on s Spent on Use-of-F Use-of-For

• rce T

ce Topics f pics for Basic R r Basic Recruit cruit Training (median v aining (median values) lues)

INITIAL OBSERVATIONS APRIL 2015

MAY 7, 2015: RE-ENGINEERING TRAINING ON POLICE USE OF FORCE

PERF VISIT TO POLICE SCOTLAND (NOVEMBER 2015)

PERF VISIT TO NYPD EMERGENCY SERVICE UNIT (DECEMBER 2015)

PERF VISIT TO POLICE SERVICE OF NORTHERN IRELAND (JANUARY 2016)

• Mental illness w

Mental illness was a s a fact ctor in ap

• r in approximat

imately o ely one-qu e-quar arter o r of f fatal tal

• f
• fficer

cer-involved shoo ed shootings.

• 10% of shootings involved an unarmed subject.
• 16% of subjects were armed with a knife.
• In 5% of cases the subject was using a vehicle as a weapon.

NEWSPAPERS COUNT 2015 FATALITIES

JANUARY 29, 2016: USE OF FORCE: TAKING POLICING TO A HIGHER STANDARD

PUBLICATION: GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON USE OF FORCE

The sanctity of human lif The sanctity of human life should be hould be at the hear at the heart of e t of ever erything an agency ything an agency does. does.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY

Las V Las Vegas Me gas Metr tropolitan P

• politan Police Depar

lice Department ment Po Policy: “It is the policy of this department that officers hold the highest regard for the dignity and liberty of all persons, and place minimal reliance upon the use of force. The department respects the value of every human life and that the application of deadly force is a measure to be employed in the most extreme circumstances.”

SANCTITY OF HUMAN LIFE

Depar Departments should adopt policies ments should adopt policies that hold themselv that hold themselves t es to a higher a higher standard than the legal requirements standard than the legal requirements

• f
• f Gr

Graham v aham v. Connor Connor. Criminal / Adminis Criminal / Administrativ tive

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY

OFFICER CREATED JEOPARDY

A A SITU SITUATION WHERE AN ION WHERE AN OFFICER DEVIA OFFICER DEVIATES FR ES FROM OM EST ESTABLISHED T BLISHED TACTICS OR CTICS OR POLICIES AND POLICIES AND HIS/HER HIS/HER ACTIONS TIONS UNNECESS UNNECESSARIL ARILY PLA Y PLACE E THEM (AND/OR THEM (AND/OR OTHERS) A HERS) AT GREA GREATER TER RISK OF HARM. RISK OF HARM. FOR EXAMPLE, AN R EXAMPLE, AN OFFICER STEPPING IN FR OFFICER STEPPING IN FRONT OF A ONT OF A FLEEING FLEEING VEHICLE AND SHOO VEHICLE AND SHOOTING TING PUT PUTS HIM IN D HIM IN DANGER OF NGER OF BEING RU RUN O N OVER S STRU RUCK… ARE Y ARE YOU IN THE BEST U IN THE BEST TACTIC CTICAL AL POSITION? POSITION?

Ex Examine depar amine department policy regarding ment policy regarding shoo shooting at car ting at cars when the car is the when the car is the

• nly threat.
• nly threat.

Policies adjust licies adjusted t ed to address when address when vehicle being used t hicle being used to creat create mass mass casualty casualty.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY

Ne New Y w York P rk Police Depar lice Department P ment Policy licy (implement (implemented 19 ed 1972): 72): “DO NOT discharge firearms at or from a moving vehicle, unless deadly physical force is being used against an officer or another person present, by means other than the moving vehicle.”

SHOOTING AT MOVING VEHICLES

NYPD 2014 ANNUAL FIREARMS DISCHARGE REPORT

Police use of f lice use of force must mee e must meet the t the test st

• f pr
• f propor
• portionality

tionality.

In assessing whether a response is proportional to the threat being faced, officers should consider the following:

• Am I using only the level of force necessary to mitigate the threat and

safely achieve a lawful objective?

• Is there another, less injurious option available that will allow me to

achieve the same objective as effectively and safely?

• Will my actions be viewed as appropriate given the severity of the

threat and totality of the circumstances?

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY

Adopt de-escalation Adopt de-escalation as f s formal agency rmal agency policy policy.

Seattle P Seattle Police Depar lice Department P ment Policy: licy: “W “When s safe u under the t the totality tality of

• f the circums

the circumstances and time and tances and time and circumstances permit, of circumstances permit, officer icers shall use de-escalation shall use de-escalation tactics in or tactics in order t der to reduce the need for force.” reduce the need for force.”

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY

Duty t Duty to int intervene: Of ene: Officer cers need t need to pre prevent other of ent other officer cers fr from using

• m using

excessiv cessive f force rce.

Phoenix P Phoenix Police Depar lice Department P ment Policy: licy: “All sw ll sworn

• rn

emplo employees will int ees will intervene, if ene, if a reasonable oppor a reasonable opportunity unity exists, when the ists, when they kno know or should kno

• r should know another

another emplo employee is using unreasonable force.” ee is using unreasonable force.”

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY

Two of

• officer

cers are dispatched are dispatched to a residence a residence where the caller where the caller advised her advised her male friend is male friend is suicidal. Of

• suicidal. Officer

cers arriv arrive and and the the friend stat friend states her male friend, who es her male friend, who is in the home, ma is in the home, may be y be harming himself with harming himself with a a knif knife.

• e. Do

Do you… u… A) A) Immediat Immediately ent ely enter the r the residence and residence and to mak make contact contact with with the the subject in order t subject in order to render aid if render aid if necessar necessary. B) B) Gather additional inf Gather additional information, ensure the rmation, ensure the friends saf friends safety ty, , de develop lop a a plan, and att plan, and attempt t mpt to initiat initiate contact contact with the with the suicidal suicidal subject subject fr from

• m the door

the doorway t y to the residence. the residence. C) C) Request quest the assistance of a “S the assistance of a “SWAT” T” type t type team am to handle the handle the incident. incident.

POLLING QUESTION

Respect the sanctity of lif spect the sanctity of life b e by pr promptly rendering f

• mptly rendering first aid.

t aid.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY

Pr Prohibit use of deadly f

• hibit use of deadly force against

e against individuals who pose a danger only t individuals who pose a danger only to themselv themselves. es.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY

The name of an of The name of an officer(s) in cer(s) involv lved in an of ed in an officer cer in involv lved shooting should be released t ed shooting should be released to the the public as long as no kno public as long as no known threat t n threat to the the

• f
• fficer’s saf

cer’s safety e ty exists. ists. A) A) Ag Agree B) B) Disagree Disagree

POLLING QUESTION

Document Document use-of-f use-of-force incidents, and

• rce incidents, and

re revie view y your data and enf ur data and enforcement rcement practices t practices to ensure that the ensure that they are fair are fair and non-discriminat and non-discriminatory. Re Report u use o

• f fo

forc rce a and I IA i info fo t to t the public. public.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY

In Investigat stigate all critical police e all critical police incidents resulting in death or incidents resulting in death or serious bodily injur serious bodily injury with specially with specially trained per trained personnel.

• nnel.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY

Implement a comprehensiv Implement a comprehensive agency e agency training pr training program

• gram on dealing with

n dealing with people with mental health pr people with mental health problems.

• blems.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: TRAINING AND TACTICS

Tactical training and mental health ctical training and mental health training need t training need to be int be interwoven t en to impr improve response t e response to critical incidents. critical incidents.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: TRAINING AND TACTICS

Culture of Speed Culture of Speed 21’ rule / Distance + Co ’ rule / Distance + Cover = Time r = Time Dra Draw a line in the sand?? w a line in the sand??

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: TRAINING & TACTICS

“When I first came on we would always use the 21-foot rule. If they’re within 21 feet, they can be on top of you and stabbing you before you react to that. But now I think they’re trying to extend that distance out even further because I think there is documentation now that someone armed with a knife can literally run up on someone before you’re able to react to that, or already being stabbed.”

• San Diego Officer Neal

Browder, in a statement to investigators regarding his April 2015 officer-involved shooting

“21-FOOT RULE”

“He firmly believed he was in fear for his life and concerned about the life of his fellow officers. There is this 21-foot rule. It talks about how an individual is a significant threat to police

• fficers when they’re in that

21-foot boundary.”

• Dan Herbert, attorney

representing Chicago Officer Jason Van Dyke, discussing Officer Van Dyke’s October 2014 officer-involved shooting

“21-FOOT RULE”

“How long are they supposed to walk along the sidewalk with the suspect? At some point you have to draw a line in the sand.”

• Ralph Brown, California Peace

Officers Standards and Training Spokesman on the December San Francisco police shooting

“LINE IN THE SAND”

Scenario-based training Scenario-based training should be should be pre prevalent, challenging, and realistic alent, challenging, and realistic. Use case study appr Use case study approach.

• ach.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: TRAINING AND TACTICS

Agencies should consider ne encies should consider new options w options for chemical spra r chemical spray.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: EQUIPMENT

Personal pr

• nal protection shields

ection shields may suppor support de-escalation ef de-escalation efforts during s during critical incidents, including situations critical incidents, including situations in involving per lving persons with kniv

• ns with knives,

es, baseball bats, or o baseball bats, or other impr her improvised ised weapons that are not f apons that are not firearms. rearms.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: EQUIPMENT

Well trained call-tak ll trained call-takers and and dispatcher dispatchers are essential t re essential to the police the police response t response to critical incidents critical incidents.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: INFORMATION ISSUES

APRIL 11-15, 2016: TRAINING WORKING GROUP AT NYPD ACADEMY

ICAT PILOT SITES

GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR TAKING POLICING TO A HIGHER STANDARD

INTEGRATING COMMUNICATIONS, ASSESSMENT, AND TACTICS

Critical Decision-Making Model Critical Decision-Making Model

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INTEGRATING COMMUNICATIONS, ASSESSMENT, AND TACTICS

Critical Decision-Making Model Critical Decision-Making Model

Benefits

 Better and safer

decisions up front

 Better explanation of

those decisions after the fact

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INTEGRATING COMMUNICATIONS, ASSESSMENT, AND TACTICS

Crisis R Crisis Recognition and R cognition and Response sponse

 Recognizing someone in crisis helps

shape your response

 Your role is not to diagnose and treat –

it’s to understand and begin to defuse

 Bring balance t

Bring balance to the Emotional-Rational the Emotional-Rational Thinking Scale Thinking Scale

 Stabilizing/safely maintaining the scene

until specialists arrive is a victory

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EMOTIONAL /RATIONAL THINKING SCALE

INTEGRATING COMMUNICATIONS, ASSESSMENT, AND TACTICS

Tactical Communications ctical Communications Active listening

• Listen more than talk
• Listen to understand, not respond
• Demonstrate you are listening
• Show empathy and respect

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INTEGRATING COMMUNICATIONS, ASSESSMENT, AND TACTICS

Tactical Communications ctical Communications Non-verbal communications

• Body language
• Eye contact
• Open-handed gestures
• Tone of voice

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INTEGRATION AND PRACTICE

Tactical Communications ctical Communications Verbal communications

• Team concept
• Clear, single questions/commands
• Ask open-ended questions
• Provide options

Emotional Contagion

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INTEGRATING COMMUNICATIONS, ASSESSMENT, AND TACTICS

Operational Saf Operational Safety T ty Tactics ctics

Pre-response

 Collect information  Slow down (“tactical pause”)  Develop a working strategy  Prepare and manage yourself

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INTEGRATING COMMUNICATIONS, ASSESSMENT, AND TACTICS

Operational Saf Operational Safety T ty Tactics ctics

Response

 Teamwork  Distance + Cover = Time  Tactical positioning/repositioning  Put yourself in a winnable situation

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Operational Saf Operational Safety T ty Tactics ctics

Post-Response

 After-Action Reviews  Not grading past success or failure  Improving future performance

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INTEGRATING COMMUNICATIONS, ASSESSMENT, AND TACTICS

THANK YOU FOR JOINING US! Thoughts? Thoughts? Questions? Questions? twilson@policef twilson@policeforum.org rum.org www.policeforum.org

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