PERF GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON USE OF FORCE & ICAT: INTEGRATING COMMUNICATION, ASSESSMENT, AND TACTICS PRESENTER: TOM WILSON
WHO IS PERF? Membership organization founded by 10 chiefs in 1976 Dedicated to questioning the conventional thinking in policing Conducts research on best practices and policies PERF is governed by a member-elected President and Board of Directors and a Board-appointed Executive Director. A staff of approximately 30 full-time professionals is based in Washington, D.C.
WHO ARE PERF MEMBERS? PERF members include chief executives of large and smaller police agencies in the United States and around the world; executives below the rank of chief; researchers and scholars; and others interested and involved in the criminal justice field. All members must be committed to PERF’s founding principles and must possess a four-year college degree.
WHAT DOES PERF DO? Research Publications Management Services Executive Searches Senior Management Institute for Police
PERF PUBLICATIONS
OVERVIEW AND HISTORY OF THE USE OF FORCE INITIATIVE AND ICAT TRAINING
POLLING QUESTION How man Ho w many par participants agree la icipants agree law enf w enfor orcement cement recruit training pr recruit training properly prepares the ne operly prepares the new w of officer t ficer to handle critical police incidents handle critical police incidents including individuals in crisis? including individuals in crisis? A) A) Ag Agree B) B) Disagree Disagree
2015 PERF SURVEY ON USE-OF-FORCE TRAINING Hours Spent on Hour s Spent on Use-of-F Use-of-For orce T ce Topics f pics for Basic R r Basic Recruit cruit Training (median v aining (median values) lues) Firearms 58 Defensive Tactics 49 Con Law/Legal Issues 40 UoF Scenario-Based Training 24 Basic first-aid 16 Communication Skills 10 UoF Policy 8 De-escalation 8 Crisis Intervention 8 Baton 8 ECW 8 OC Spray 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Hours Hour
INITIAL OBSERVATIONS APRIL 2015
MAY 7, 2015: RE-ENGINEERING TRAINING ON POLICE USE OF FORCE
PERF VISIT TO POLICE SCOTLAND (NOVEMBER 2015)
PERF VISIT TO NYPD EMERGENCY SERVICE UNIT (DECEMBER 2015)
PERF VISIT TO POLICE SERVICE OF NORTHERN IRELAND (JANUARY 2016)
NEWSPAPERS COUNT 2015 FATALITIES Mental illness w Mental illness was a s a fact ctor in ap or in approximat imately o ely one-qu e-quar arter o r of f fatal tal of officer cer-involved shoo ed shootings. 10% of shootings involved an unarmed subject. 16% of subjects were armed with a knife. In 5% of cases the subject was using a vehicle as a weapon.
JANUARY 29, 2016: USE OF FORCE: TAKING POLICING TO A HIGHER STANDARD
PUBLICATION: GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON USE OF FORCE
GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY The sanctity of human lif The sanctity of human life should be hould be at the hear at the heart of e t of ever erything an agency ything an agency does. does.
SANCTITY OF HUMAN LIFE Las Vegas Me Las V gas Metr tropolitan P opolitan Police Depar lice Department ment Po Policy: “It is the policy of this department that officers hold the highest regard for the dignity and liberty of all persons, and place minimal reliance upon the use of force. The department respects the value of every human life and that the application of deadly force is a measure to be employed in the most extreme circumstances.”
GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY Departments should adopt policies Depar ments should adopt policies that hold themselv that hold themselves t es to a higher a higher standard than the legal requirements standard than the legal requirements of Gr of Graham v aham v. Connor Connor. Criminal / Adminis Criminal / Administrativ tive
OFFICER CREATED JEOPARDY A A SITU SITUATION WHERE AN ION WHERE AN OFFICER DEVIA OFFICER DEVIATES FR ES FROM OM EST ESTABLISHED T BLISHED TACTICS OR CTICS OR POLICIES AND POLICIES AND HIS/HER HIS/HER ACTIONS TIONS UNNECESS UNNECESSARIL ARILY PLA Y PLACE E THEM (AND/OR THEM (AND/OR OTHERS) A HERS) AT GREA GREATER TER RISK OF HARM. RISK OF HARM. FOR EXAMPLE, AN R EXAMPLE, AN OFFICER STEPPING IN FR OFFICER STEPPING IN FRONT OF A ONT OF A FLEEING FLEEING VEHICLE AND SHOO VEHICLE AND SHOOTING TING PUT PUTS HIM IN D HIM IN DANGER OF NGER OF BEING RU RUN O N OVER S STRU RUCK… ARE Y ARE YOU IN THE BEST U IN THE BEST TACTIC CTICAL AL POSITION? POSITION?
GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY Examine depar Ex amine department policy regarding ment policy regarding shoo shooting at car ting at cars when the car is the when the car is the only threat. only threat. Policies adjust licies adjusted t ed to address when address when vehicle being used t hicle being used to creat create mass mass casualty casualty.
SHOOTING AT MOVING VEHICLES New Y Ne w York P rk Police Depar lice Department P ment Policy licy (implement (implemented 19 ed 1972): 72): “DO NOT discharge firearms at or from a moving vehicle, unless deadly physical force is being used against an officer or another person present, by means other than the moving vehicle.”
NYPD 2014 ANNUAL FIREARMS DISCHARGE REPORT
GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY Police use of f lice use of force must mee e must meet the t the test st of pr of propor oportionality tionality. In assessing whether a response is proportional to the threat being faced, officers should consider the following: Am I using only the level of force necessary to mitigate the threat and safely achieve a lawful objective? Is there another, less injurious option available that will allow me to achieve the same objective as effectively and safely? Will my actions be viewed as appropriate given the severity of the threat and totality of the circumstances?
GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY Adopt de-escalation as f Adopt de-escalation s formal agency rmal agency policy policy. Seattle P Seattle Police Depar lice Department P ment Policy: licy: “W “When s safe u under the t the totality tality of of the circums the circumstances and time and tances and time and circumstances permit, of circumstances permit, officer icers shall use de-escalation shall use de-escalation tactics in or tactics in order t der to reduce the need for force.” reduce the need for force.”
GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY Duty to int Duty t intervene: Of ene: Officer cers need t need to pre prevent other of ent other officer cers fr from using om using excessiv cessive f force rce. Phoenix P Phoenix Police Depar lice Department P ment Policy: licy: “All sw ll sworn orn emplo employees will int ees will intervene, if ene, if a reasonable oppor a reasonable opportunity unity exists, when the ists, when they kno know or should kno or should know another another emplo employee is using unreasonable force.” ee is using unreasonable force.”
POLLING QUESTION Two of o officer cers are dispatched are dispatched to a residence a residence where the caller where the caller advised her advised her male friend is male friend is suicidal. Of suicidal. Officer cers arriv arrive and and the the friend stat friend states her male friend, who es her male friend, who is in the home, ma is in the home, may be y be harming himself with harming himself with a a knif knife. e. Do Do you… u… A) A) Immediat Immediately ent ely enter the r the residence and residence and to mak make contact contact with with the the subject in order t subject in order to render aid if render aid if necessar necessary. B) B) Gather additional information, ensure the Gather additional inf rmation, ensure the friends saf friends safety ty, , de develop lop a a plan, and att plan, and attempt t mpt to initiat initiate contact contact with the with the suicidal subject suicidal subject fr from om the door the doorway t y to the residence. the residence. C) C) Request quest the assistance of a “S the assistance of a “SWAT” T” type t type team am to handle the handle the incident. incident.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY Respect the sanctity of lif spect the sanctity of life b e by pr promptly rendering f omptly rendering first aid. t aid.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY Pr Prohibit use of deadly f ohibit use of deadly force against e against individuals who pose a danger only t individuals who pose a danger only to themselv themselves. es.
POLLING QUESTION The name of an officer(s) in The name of an of cer(s) involv lved in an of ed in an officer cer in involv lved shooting should be released t ed shooting should be released to the the public as long as no kno public as long as no known threat t n threat to the the officer’s saf of cer’s safety e ty exists. ists. A) A) Ag Agree B) B) Disagree Disagree
GUIDING PRINCIPLES: POLICY Document use-of-f Document use-of-force incidents, and orce incidents, and revie re view y your data and enf ur data and enforcement rcement practices t practices to ensure that the ensure that they are fair are fair and non-discriminatory. and non-discriminat Re Report u use o of fo forc rce a and I IA i info fo t to t the public. public.
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