Slide 1 / 88 Slide 2 / 88 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be Origin of Life used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, Practice Questions participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others. Click to go to website: www.njctl.org www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 88 Slide 4 / 88 1 How old is the Universe? 2 How old is the Earth? Slide 5 / 88 Slide 6 / 88 3 In what ways is the atmosphere of the Earth 4 “We are all made of stars” may actually be a true different from the gaseous consistency of the statement. Explain how you, your classmates, early universe? and your natural surroundings are composed of once galactic matter.
Slide 7 / 88 Slide 8 / 88 5 When we refer to elements as ‘heavy’ or ‘light’ 6 Why is it significant for life on Earth that hydrogen elements, how do we determine this and helium can attain a high velocity? characteristic? Slide 9 / 88 Slide 10 / 88 7 Why is the periodic table we use today different 8 Where can helium still be found on Earth? from the periodic table that would have existed at the dawn of the universe? Slide 11 / 88 Slide 12 / 88 9 If the existence of planet Earth were represented 10 Which is older the Earth or the Universe? By how by an hour on a clock, human life has existed for much? much less than a second. What important concept of the creation of life on Earth does this metaphor demonstrate? Homework
Slide 13 / 88 Slide 14 / 88 11 Considering what you know about UV radiation 12 What cosmic events triggered the release of and the consistency of early Earth’s atmosphere, heavier elements (elements other than hydrogen why would it be difficult for you to survive on our or helium) into the universe? planet in its first billion years of existence? Slide 15 / 88 Slide 16 / 88 13 Taking into account the atomic mass of Helium 14 The reason we wear sunscreen today is one of the and Hydrogen, explain why these gases tend to conditions that life needed to overcome on early escape Earth’s atmosphere relatively well. Earth. Explain this logic. Slide 17 / 88 Slide 18 / 88 15 Where can hydrogen still be found on Earth? 16 What is the significance of the 56,000,000 lifetimes for the relationship between human life and planet Earth?
Slide 19 / 88 Slide 20 / 88 17 If life expectancy had not reached 72 years, how 18 How did the cooling of the Earth influence the would 56,000,000 lifetimes have to be adjusted for presence of liquid water on its surface? accuracy? Water Class Work Slide 21 / 88 Slide 22 / 88 19 A water molecule may be accurately compared to 20 Draw a water molecule and identify the charges a magnet. Explain the properties that a water that exist on the molecule. molecule and magnet share. Slide 23 / 88 Slide 24 / 88 21 Hydrogen bonds are a large part of the reason 22 Explain the three properties of water (due to its that water can exist in three states on our planet. polarity) that allowed life to emerge on Earth. Briefly explain why this is true. (Hint: distance Homework between atoms)
Slide 25 / 88 Slide 26 / 88 23 Explain the role that the larger nucleus of an 24 One property of water is that is has a high heat oxygen atom plays in creating the polarity of a capacity. This means that it takes a lot of energy water molecule. to change the temperature of water by a small amount. What role do you think hydrogen bonds may play in this property? Slide 27 / 88 Slide 28 / 88 25 What is the difference between a hydrogen bond 26 Could hydrogen bonds exist without polarity? and a covalent bond? Explain your answer. Slide 29 / 88 Slide 30 / 88 27 The presence of liquid water on Earth is 28 Compare and contrast cohesion and adhesion. extremely important for its ability to moderate Organic Monomers living conditions on the planet. Why is this ability Class Work important for life on Earth?
Slide 31 / 88 Slide 32 / 88 29 Briefly explain the relationship between 30 Briefly explain the two theorized sources of origin monomers and polymers. of life on Earth. Slide 33 / 88 Slide 34 / 88 31 How could the increasing thickness of the Earth’s 32 Why was the presence of micromolecules a atmosphere have allowed for the arrival of basic requirement for synthesizing organic molecules organic molecules from space? on early Earth? Slide 35 / 88 Slide 36 / 88 33 Why was it significant that Stanley Miller’s 34 Stanley Miller’s model ultimately produced a experiment inserted specific gases into the collection of organic molecules. What did the model? What did these gases represent? synthesis of these organic molecules prove?
Slide 37 / 88 Slide 38 / 88 35 What atmospheric component was absent in early 36 Suppose a planet in a neighboring solar system Earth’s atmosphere that is critical to our survival? has been discovered that has all of the same Why is it important that it was absent during this characteristics of early Earth except for the time? presence of micromolecules. Do you predict that life could arise on this planet? Why or why not? Homework Slide 39 / 88 Slide 40 / 88 37 What are the individual units that comprise 38 What is a piece of evidence that supports organic polymers called? monomers coming from space? Slide 41 / 88 Slide 42 / 88 39 Why did Miller include a condenser in his 40 Why did Stanley Miller decide to heat the water in experiment? What did the condenser represent in the “primeval sea” section of his model? his model?
Slide 43 / 88 Slide 44 / 88 41 How would an early atmosphere consisting of 42 Suppose Miller’s model did not produce amino oxygen change the results of Stanley Miller’s acids. How would this result have impacted the experiment? development of theories for the origin of life on Earth? Slide 45 / 88 Slide 46 / 88 43 Some scientists refer to early Earth’s ocean as a 44 What does the word synthesis mean? ‘primordial soup.’ Explain why this metaphor may have originated. Dehydration Synthesis, Hydrolysis Class Work Slide 47 / 88 Slide 48 / 88 45 Compare and contrast the processes of 46 What role does dehydration synthesis play in the dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Be sure to creation of advanced organic molecules? include the role of water in these processes.
Slide 49 / 88 Slide 50 / 88 47 What are the products of hydrolysis? 48 The following is what type of reaction: C2H5OH + C2H6 ( C4H10 + H2O Slide 51 / 88 Slide 52 / 88 49 Suppose you were stranded on a desert island 50 What does the word lysis mean? with no food or water. You are allowed to choose a machine that conducts either dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis for your utilization. Which do you choose and why? Homework Slide 53 / 88 Slide 54 / 88 51 Would you use hydrolysis or dehydration 52 Polymers can be broken down into two new synthesis to break a larger molecule into two molecules through what process? smaller molecules? Support your answer.
Slide 55 / 88 Slide 56 / 88 53 What are the reactants in a hydrolysis reaction? 54 The following is what type of reaction: C6H14 + H2O ( C5H11OH + CH4 Phospholipids Class Work Slide 57 / 88 Slide 58 / 88 55 What does hydrophobic mean? 56 When in the presence of water, how does a phospholipid orient itself? What property of water initiates this reaction? Slide 59 / 88 Slide 60 / 88 57 Phospholipid arrangements on early Earth are 58 What relationship exists between phospholipids most accurately comparable to which of the and cell membranes? following: A Battery Tunnel B Bubble C
Slide 61 / 88 Slide 62 / 88 59 Compare a phospholipid bilayer to a beaker in 60 Within early cells, what more complex molecules chemistry class. What role to these two objects were able to form? have in common, though obviously at a different scale. Slide 63 / 88 Slide 64 / 88 61 In baseball terminology, a “5-tool player” is a 62 Why is it significant that RNA can accomplish the player who can execute 5 skills extremely well. three specific tasks you identified in the previous RNA may be described as a “3-tool” molecule. question? Explain this comparison and identify the “3 tools.” Homework Slide 65 / 88 Slide 66 / 88 63 What does hydrophilic mean? 64 What characteristic of phospholipids causes them to always orient themselves in the same direction?
Slide 67 / 88 Slide 68 / 88 65 The special alignment of phospholipids in an 66 What role do phospholipids play in the creation of aqueous environment led to the formation of protobionts? what? Slide 69 / 88 Slide 70 / 88 67 Briefly explain why the emergence of 68 Why is the development of molecules such as phospholipids may have allowed for the creation nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids important of more advanced organic polymers. for the development of life on Earth? Slide 71 / 88 Slide 72 / 88 69 Suppose RNA had not developed at the time it had 70 How have DNA, ATP and proteins replaced RNA in on Earth. How may have this influenced the more complex biological systems? further development of life? Support your LUCA, Characteristics of Life answer. Class Work
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