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On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno Youngstown State University February 28, 2012 Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of

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On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

Youngstown State University

February 28, 2012

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 2

Outline

Introduction Experiment Theory Simulation Applications Conclusion

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Introduction

What are CLiPS? What happens when a CLiPS film is applied to a laser diode?

Spectra Lasing Threshold Linewidth

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Picture of CLiPS Material and Laser Diode

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 5

Outline

Introduction Experiment Theory Simulation Applications Conclusion

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Spectra

CLiPS Changes the Wavelength Moving the CLiPS Around Also Changes the Wavelength Sometimes the Wavelength Did Not Change

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 7

Experimental Setup For Spectra and Lasing Threshold

Figure: Experimental Setup for Spectroscopy and Lasing Threshold

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Picture of Spectra

Figure: Specra with and without CLiPS

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Lasing Threshold

Lases Earlier and with Less Current Laser is Now Less Efficient

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Picture of Lasing Treshold

Figure: Lasing Threshold with and without CLiPS

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 11

Experimental Setup of Fabry-Perot

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Picture of Linewidth

Figure: Fabry-Perot measurement of the linewidth with and without CLiPS

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Linewidth

Need to Maintain Spectral Purity Used a Fabry-Perot Interferometer Inconclusive Data (Linewidth Didn’t Change)

Too Much Transverse-K Linewidth Didn’t Get Any Worse Linewidth Should Actually Get Better

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Outline

Introduction Experiment Theory Simulation Applications Conclusion

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 15

Theory

Why Did These Things Happen?

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Spectra

Wavelength Is Determined By a Variety of Factors

Type of Gain Medium Length of Laser Cavity Reflectivity of Mirrors

ν = mc/2d Phase

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Lasing Threshold

More Light In the Laser Cavity Population Inversion Happens Sooner Less Current is Required Q factor increases Q = ν

ℓ

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 18

Linewidth

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle for Time and Energy

∆E∆t ≥ /2

Inconclusive Data Some Reasons Why

Residual CLiPS Material on Ouput Coupler Beam Quality Too Poor Too Much Transverse-K Laser Still Spectrally Pure

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Thermal Effects

Residual CLiPS Material on Ouput Coupler THV Has a Higher Thermal Expansion Than San25 Causes Too Much Transverse-K Destroys Beam Quality

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Picture of Linewidth

Figure: Fabry-Perot measurement of the linewidth with and without CLiPS

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Thermal Effects

Can the Change in the Number of Fringes Be Explained By Thermal Effects?

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Thermal Effects

Can the Change in the Number of Fringes Be Explained By Thermal Effects? 8.3 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 8.7X10−6%

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 23

Thermal Effects

Can the Change in the Number of Fringes Be Explained By Thermal Effects? 8.3 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 8.7X10−6% 10.7 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 11.2X10−6%

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 24

Thermal Effects

Can the Change in the Number of Fringes Be Explained By Thermal Effects? 8.3 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 8.7X10−6% 10.7 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 11.2X10−6% 83.3X10−6%

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 25

Thermal Effects

Can the Change in the Number of Fringes Be Explained By Thermal Effects? 8.3 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 8.7X10−6% 10.7 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 11.2X10−6% 83.3X10−6% 83.3X10−6% = αδT

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 26

Thermal Effects

Can the Change in the Number of Fringes Be Explained By Thermal Effects? 8.3 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 8.7X10−6% 10.7 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 11.2X10−6% 83.3X10−6% 83.3X10−6% = αδT Mike Aviles Says That α = 3.2X10−4/◦K

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 27

Thermal Effects

Can the Change in the Number of Fringes Be Explained By Thermal Effects? 8.3 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 8.7X10−6% 10.7 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 11.2X10−6% 83.3X10−6% 83.3X10−6% = αδT Mike Aviles Says That α = 3.2X10−4/◦K ∆T = .3◦K

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 28

Thermal Effects

Can the Change in the Number of Fringes Be Explained By Thermal Effects? 8.3 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 8.7X10−6% 10.7 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 11.2X10−6% 83.3X10−6% 83.3X10−6% = αδT Mike Aviles Says That α = 3.2X10−4/◦K ∆T = .3◦K 80 Fringes!

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 29

Thermal Effects

Can the Change in the Number of Fringes Be Explained By Thermal Effects? 8.3 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 8.7X10−6% 10.7 Fringes Corresponds To a Change of 11.2X10−6% 83.3X10−6% 83.3X10−6% = αδT Mike Aviles Says That α = 3.2X10−4/◦K ∆T = .3◦K 80 Fringes! Our Theory Doesn’t Work

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 30

Outline

Introduction Experiment Theory Simulation Applications Conclusion

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Simulation

Built in C Most of the Code (CLiPS Section) Built By Dr. Crescimanno I Worked On Laser Cavity Section Results of Simulation Tell Us How Accurate Our Theory Is

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Theory

Laser Cavity Section Built With Three Matrices Back Mirror (Essentially No Light Gets Through) Laser Cavity With Gain Medium Output Coupler

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Mirrors

r −1 1

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Mirrors

r −1 1

  • t

1 1

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 35

Mirrors

r −1 1

  • t

1 1

  • r′

1 1

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 36

Mirrors

r −1 1

  • t

1 1

  • r′

1 1

  • t′

−1 1

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Mirrors

Back Mirror

Call a Matrix M: M = a b c d

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Mirrors

Back Mirror

Call a Matrix M: M = a b c d

  • a

b c d 1 − r 1 + r

  • = t

1 1

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 39

Mirrors

Back Mirror

Call a Matrix M: M = a b c d

  • a

b c d 1 − r 1 + r

  • = t

1 1

  • And:

t′

  • a

b c d −1 1

  • =
  • −1 + r ′

1 + r ′

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 40

Mirrors

Back Mirror

Call a Matrix M: M = a b c d

  • a

b c d 1 − r 1 + r

  • = t

1 1

  • And:

t′

  • a

b c d −1 1

  • =
  • −1 + r ′

1 + r ′

  • M =
  • 1−r 2+t2

2t t2−(r−1)2 2t t2−(r+1)2 2t 1−r 2+t2 2t

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 41

Mirrors

Back Mirror

Call a Matrix M: M = a b c d

  • a

b c d 1 − r 1 + r

  • = t

1 1

  • And:

t′

  • a

b c d −1 1

  • =
  • −1 + r ′

1 + r ′

  • M =
  • 1−r 2+t2

2t t2−(r−1)2 2t t2−(r+1)2 2t 1−r 2+t2 2t

  • Output Coupler Has the Same Matrix but r and t Are

Different

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Laser Cavity

Laser Cavity Matrix N:

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Laser Cavity

Laser Cavity Matrix N:

N =

  • cosδ

(−i/n)sinδ (−in)sinδ cosδ

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 44

Laser Cavity

Laser Cavity Matrix N:

N =

  • cosδ

(−i/n)sinδ (−in)sinδ cosδ

  • δ Is Defined As (2π/λ)(n)(l)

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Laser Cavity

Laser Cavity Matrix N:

N =

  • cosδ

(−i/n)sinδ (−in)sinδ cosδ

  • δ Is Defined As (2π/λ)(n)(l)

n Is the Index of Refraction of the Gain Medium Inside the Laser Cavity

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 46

Laser Cavity

Laser Cavity Matrix N:

N =

  • cosδ

(−i/n)sinδ (−in)sinδ cosδ

  • δ Is Defined As (2π/λ)(n)(l)

n Is the Index of Refraction of the Gain Medium Inside the Laser Cavity λ Is the Wavelength of the Laser Light

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Laser Cavity

Laser Cavity Matrix N:

N =

  • cosδ

(−i/n)sinδ (−in)sinδ cosδ

  • δ Is Defined As (2π/λ)(n)(l)

n Is the Index of Refraction of the Gain Medium Inside the Laser Cavity λ Is the Wavelength of the Laser Light l Is the Length of the Laser Cavity

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Derivation of Fabry-Perot Transmission - Part 1

Similar To Laser Cavity And Mirrors

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Derivation of Fabry-Perot Transmission - Part 1

Similar To Laser Cavity And Mirrors

1 1−r2 MNM′

M = −1 −ir ir −1

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 50

Derivation of Fabry-Perot Transmission - Part 1

Similar To Laser Cavity And Mirrors

1 1−r2 MNM′

M = −1 −ir ir −1

  • M′ =
  • −1

−ir ir −1

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 51

Derivation of Fabry-Perot Transmission - Part 1

Similar To Laser Cavity And Mirrors

1 1−r2 MNM′

M = −1 −ir ir −1

  • M′ =
  • −1

−ir ir −1

  • N =
  • cosδ

(−i/n)sinδ (−in)sinδ cosδ

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 52

Derivation of Fabry-Perot Transmission - Part 2

1 1 − r2

  • (1+r2)cosδ

−i(1−r2)sinδ+2ircosδ −i(1−r2)sinδ−2ircosδ (1+r2)cosδ

  • Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno

On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 53

Derivation of Fabry-Perot Transmission - Part 2

1 1 − r2

  • (1+r2)cosδ

−i(1−r2)sinδ+2ircosδ −i(1−r2)sinδ−2ircosδ (1+r2)cosδ

  • t =

2(1−r2) a+d−b−c

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 54

Derivation of Fabry-Perot Transmission - Part 2

1 1 − r2

  • (1+r2)cosδ

−i(1−r2)sinδ+2ircosδ −i(1−r2)sinδ−2ircosδ (1+r2)cosδ

  • t =

2(1−r2) a+d−b−c

t =

2(1−r2) 2(1+r2)cosδ+2i(1−r2)sinδ

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 55

Derivation of Fabry-Perot Transmission - Part 2

1 1 − r2

  • (1+r2)cosδ

−i(1−r2)sinδ+2ircosδ −i(1−r2)sinδ−2ircosδ (1+r2)cosδ

  • t =

2(1−r2) a+d−b−c

t =

2(1−r2) 2(1+r2)cosδ+2i(1−r2)sinδ

|t|2 = 1 1 +

4r2 (1−r2)2 cos2δ

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Fabry-Perot Transmission

Figure: Graph of Transmission Function

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Band

Figure: Band Structure

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Intermediate Band Left

Figure: Intermediate Band Left

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 59

Intermediate Band Right

Figure: Intermediate Band Right

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 60

Zoomed Intermediate Band Left

Figure: Zoomed In Intermediate Band Left

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Results

Gain Envelope Shifts Shift in Individual Lines The Side of the CLiPS that is Face Down Matters

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 62

Outline

Introduction Experiment Theory Simulation Applications Conclusion

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 63

Applications

Atomic Spectroscopy Tunable Lasers

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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Construction

Three Main Ways

Physically Move the Mirrors Heat Up the Laser Cavity Change the Index of Refraction of the Gain Medium By Varying the Power

Alternatively You Can Add CLiPS

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 65

Outline

Introduction Experiment Theory Simulation Applications Conclusion

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes

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SLIDE 66

Conclusion

Experiment Theory Simulation Applications

Author: Christopher Reed Supervisor: Dr. Mike Crescimanno On The Application of CLiPS Materials To Laser Diodes