IL ILO-WB P WB Par artner tnership ship in in De Development elopment of of indica indicator tor on mig on migration tion costs costs ILO World Bank 1 December 2016, Washington DC
Factors limiting positive effects of migration • High cost of labour migration for low-skilled migrant workers • Limited labour market integration - discrimination, low quality employment and/or exploitation • Underutilization of skills - skills recognition and skills matching The Labour Market Integration of New Immigrants in Europe: Analysis and Policy Evaluation, ILO & MPI, 2014, available at: http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-migration/projects/WCMS_357742/lang--en/index.htm
Direction of Migration Flows Based on estimates Of Abel and Sander, 2014
11.1% 17.8% Agriculture Industry 63.4% Domestic workers 7.7% Other services • 44% of migrant workers worldwide are women • 11.5 million are migrant domestic workers who are highly vulnerable (ILO: Global and regional estimates of migrant workers 2015)
Actual vs Promised Wages, by gender and Occupation KNOMAD/ILO Surveys 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 ETH - SAU IND - QAT NPL - QAT PAK - SAU PAK - UAE PHL - QAT VNM - MLY Male Other Male Construction and Manual Male Domestic Female Other Female Construction and Manual Female Domestic 5
Average Working Hours by corridor, gender and occupation, KNOMAD/ILO Surveys 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Male Other Male Construction and Manual Male Domestic Female Other Female Construction and Manual Female Domestic ETH - SAU IND - QAT NPL - QAT PAK - SAU PAK - UAE PHL - QAT VNM - MLY 6
Working hours of Ethiopian migrant workers in Saudi Arabia, Male and Female, KNOMAD/ILO Surveys 7
Hidden or unpredictable costs in countries of employment (KNOMAD/ILO Surveys) • 30% of migrants did not have a contract signed prior to departure • 14.7% did not receive wages on time • 77.3% reported they received wages that were lower than those promised before departure, or included unforeseen deduction • the average number of weekly hours is 71, with sizeable gender disparities • 25%of migrants report not having any rest day per week • 30% of migrants experienced health-related problems, of which about one in five had serious work-related injuries – far above national averages Losses can represent at least 30% of total wage promised to migrants prior to departures, 27% of total actual earnings 8
Key elements for inclusion in the Global Compact on Migration Cluster on labour migration Fair recruitment Lower labour migration costs (SDG 10.7 joint ILO/WB custodianship) ILO Principles and Operational Guidelines on Fair Recruitment; ILO/EC Project on Fair recruitment Labour market needs’ assessment and skills recognition and jobs matching for nationals and new arrivals Need for a platform to facilitate the exchange of good practices across- countries on skills needs and on education systems Non-discrimination and labour market integration of all migrant workers with due attention to women migrant workers’ needs Convention No. 189 Tripartite social dialogue : labour ministries, employers’ and workers’ organizations must play a role ILO General principles and operational guidelines for fair recruitment: 9 http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_532389.pdf
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