On-going research activities to mitigate GHGs emission from rice - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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On-going research activities to mitigate GHGs emission from rice - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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2015 Asia Sub-Group Meeting of GRA-PRRG, Sep. 19, 2015, Nanjing, China On-going research activities to mitigate GHGs emission from rice paddy in China Xiaoyuan Yan (Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Rice production in

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On-going research activities to mitigate GHGs emission from rice paddy in China

Xiaoyuan Yan

(Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

2015 Asia Sub-Group Meeting of GRA-PRRG, Sep. 19, 2015, Nanjing, China

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50 100 150 200 250

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Production (million ton) Rice Wheat Maize

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Cultivation area (million ha)

Rice production in China

Production of grains Sown area of rice

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Spatial distribution rice production

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Rice paddy: ~2.5% of total emission Second national communication: 2005

Share of agriculture in total GHG

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On-going national projects

  • Development of Agricultural GHG

monitoring and controlling technology

  • Monitoring technology, standard

and quality control

  • Options for livestock industry
  • Options for grazing pasture
  • Options for uplands in northeast

China

  • Options for uplands in northwest

China

  • Options for uplands in north China

Plain

  • Options for single-rice paddy
  • Options for double-rice paddy
  • Development, integration and

demonstration of technologies of carbon sequestration and GHG mitigation for croplands

  • Core mitigation technology

and scaling method

  • Mitigation options for rice

paddy

  • Mitigation options for

upland

MOA project MOST project

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Mitigation options

  • 1. Residue management
  • 2. Water-saving cultivation
  • 3. Water-saving rice variety
  • 4. Rice-duck cultivation
  • 5. Multiple technology integration
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Effect of straw application

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Soil carbon sequestration (t CO2-eq ha

  • 1)

Yixing, this study Taoyuan, this study Changshu, China Yixing, China Kalasin, Thailand Hokkaido, Japan Jiangning, China

Straw-induced GWP (t CO

2-eq ha

  • 1)

Straw carbon input (t CO2-eq ha

  • 1)

y=x y=x

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Effect of crop residue on rice yield

Singh et al., 2008, Advances in Agronomy

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  • 1. Residue management

Biochar application

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Effect of biochar on CH4 emission

Feng YZ et al., 2012, SBB. biochar straw control

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Non-flooded plastic film mulching cultivation

  • 2. Plastic film mulching cultivation
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传统栽培 Traditional 覆膜栽培 Plastic Mulch

Significant drought resistance effect

覆膜栽培 Plastic Mulch 传统栽培 Traditional

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排灌方便，节水保水

Easy drainage and irrigation; saves water

厢沟保水，厢面增温

Water in ditch – No drought, higher temperature in raised bed

Contradiction between water and temperature 关水→低温→坐蔸

FloodingLow temp Slow growth

放水→干旱→不长

Drained Drought Poor growth

Reasons for yield benefit

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土壤温度 Soil temperature(C0)

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00

早期分蘖 Early tillering 中期分蘖 Middle tillering 晚期分蘖 Late tillering

Soil surface (0 cm depth) Soil subsurface (10 cm depth)

10:00 9:00 11:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00

时间 Time of day (hour:minute)

9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00

PM SM TF

Effect of plastic film mulch on soil temperature

地膜覆盖

Plastic Mulch

稻草覆盖

Straw Mulch

传统淹水

Traditional Flooding

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Plastic mulch Traditional flooding Straw mulch

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Rice yield with different mulching materials and N rate

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四川资阳：栽培方式与脲酶/硝化抑制剂施用。

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10 20 30 40 50 30 60 90 120

Days after flooding (Apr. 18, 2010) CH4 flux (mg CH

4 m

  • 2 h
  • 1)

TF TF-DCD/HQ PM PM-DCD/HQ

Transplanting

10 20 30 40 50

CH4 emission (g CH

4 m

  • 2)

TF TF-DCD/HQ PM PM-DCD/HQ

Convent NI+UI Film FM+NI+UI

CH4 emissions

Convent NI+UI Film FM+NI+UI

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300 600 900 1200 1500 30 60 90 120

Days after flooding (Apr. 18, 2010) N2O flux (μg N

2O-N m

  • 2 h
  • 1)

TF TF-DCD/HQ PM PM-DCD/HQ

Transplanting

100 200 300 400 500 600

N2O emission (mg N

2O-N m

  • 2)

TF TF-DCD/HQ PM PM-DCD/HQ

N2O emissions

Compared to conventional, FM enhanced N2O emission by 3.77-fold. Application of DCD/HQ reduced N2O emission by 79-81%.

Convent NI+UI Film FM+NI+UI Convent NI+UI Film FM+NI+UI

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Integrated GWP

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More durable plastic film is easier to remove and prevent the plastic pollution effectively!

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Incentives

Economic analysis, yuan/ha

Items Conventiona l Film mulching Fertilizer input 1620 1188 Pesticide input 525 300 Film cost 750 Labor cost 6000 3300 Yield benefit 6750 9000 Net economic benefit 630 6582

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Climate-smart, environmentally friendly

  • 4 Savings: irrigation,

fertilizer, pesticide, labor

  • 2 Early: transplant,

harvest

  • 2 Increase: yield,

profit

  • 1 Decrease: GHG

Items Conventio nal Film mulching Fertilizer input 1620 1188 Pesticide input 525 300 Film cost 750 Labor cost 6000 3300 Yield benefit 6750 9000 Net economic benefit 630 6582

Economic analysis, yuan/ha

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  • 3. Drought-resistant rice variety
  • Full irrigation condition
  • Rice-yield:+0-8%
  • 50% water saving

condition

  • Rice yield: +50%
  • GHG: ?
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  • Rice varieties:
  • Drought-resistant (D/r) variety
  • Traditional variety
  • Irrigation amount :
  • Normal irrigation (100% irrigation, IR100%)
  • 70% of normal irrigation (70% irrigation, IR70%)
  • 30% of normal irrigation (30% irrigation, IR30%)

Drought-resistant rice variety

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Year Treatment Rainfall in jun- sep（mm） Irrigation （mm） Actual water use（mm）

2013 30%灌 272 184 455 70%灌 272 428 700 100%灌 272 612 884 2014 30%灌 763 35 798 70%灌 763 82 844 100%灌 763 117 879

Y e a r

Treatme nt

Yield（t/ha）

Drought- resistant Convention al

2 1 3

30%灌

8.2±0.4 7.9±0.0

70%灌

8.6±0.3 8.3±0.2

100%灌

8.7±0.1 8.8±0.1

2 1 4

30%灌

9.3±0.1 9.8±0.1

70%灌

9.3±0.1 10.0±0.2

100%灌

9.4±0.1 10.1±0.2

Rainfall and irrigation Rice yield

Yield depends on rainfall

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Yield-scaled emission

200 400 600 800 1000 30%灌 70%灌 100%灌 30%灌 70%灌 100%灌 2013 2014 GHGI (kg-CO2eq/ton)

旱优8号 花优14

Drought- resistant Conve ntional

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A rising rice cultivation system in south China Incentives:

  • Improving economic income
  • Saving pesticide …
  • 4. Rice-duck system
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2013 late rice 2014 eary rice 2014 late rice Rice yield (t/ha) Rice-duck CK

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 7/25/13 8/14/13 9/3/13 9/23/13 10/13/13 11/2/13 CH4 flux (mg/m2/h) Time Rice-duck Conventional

Year:2013

Year Season Treatment Total CH4 (g/m2) Yield scaled emission(g/kg) Emission reduction (%) 2013 Late rice Rice-duck 22.7 27.9

17.2

CK 30.2 33.7 2014 Early rice Rice-duck 27.37 35.93

15.9

CK 32.5 42.742 Late rice Rice-duck 26.36 29.46

35.8

CK 31.91 45.91

CH4 emission from rice-duck system

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Dissolved oxygen concentration(mg L-1)

Date(day-month)

a a b a a a b b Year:2013

Why CH4 emission is reduced?

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  • 5. Technology integration
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Integration of technologies

Aerobic residue fermentation CO2 utilization Rotation change

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CO2 CK

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1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 120 180 240 Rice yield (kg/ha) N application rate (kgN/ha) Rice-wheat Rice-bean 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 120 180 240 CH4 emission (kg/ha) N application rate (kgN/ha) Rice-wheat Rice-bean

Seasonal CH4 emission Rice yield

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  • 0.20

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 RW0 RW120 RW180 RW240 RB0 RB120 RB180 RB240 C footprint (kg CO2-eq/kg grain) CH4 emission SOCSR Irrigation N fertilization Others

Rice-bean Rice-wheat

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Other technologies

Ridged cultivation Low emission cultivar Inhibitors

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SUMMARY

  • GHG emission from rice cultivation accounts

for about 2.5% of nation total.

  • Promising mitigation practice includes plastic

film mulching, biochar application, crop rotation change

  • Many of the mitigation options have

environmental and economic synergies.

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Thank you

and my collaborators:

Hua Xu (Institute of Soil Science, CAS) Xiangfu Song (Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences) Zhiqiang Fu (Hunan Agricultural University)

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i, j, and k: different ecosystems, water regimes, organic amendments, etc. Equation 5.1 CH4 Emissions from Rice Cultivation Emissions from Rice Cultivation (Gg/yr) = ijk (EFijk  tijk  Aijk  10-6) Equation 5.2 Adjusted Daily Integrated Emission Factor

EFi = EFc  SFw  SFp  SFo  SFs,r

Factors affecting CH4 emission

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Biochar

300°C 400°C 500°C

Control

(1) significant increase of methanotrophs (2) decrease in methanogens/ methanotrophs

Methanotrophs Methanogens Ratio

Effect of biochar on CH4 emission

Feng YZ et al., 2012, SBB.

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1.Residue management

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Yixing, this study Taoyuan, this study Changshu, China Yixing, China Kalasin, Thailand Hokkaido, Japan Jiangning, China

Straw-induced GWP (t CO

2-eq ha

  • 1)

Straw carbon input (t CO2-eq ha

  • 1)

y=x