October 2016 October 2016 WHAT IS FUSION? TWO FUSION TYPES - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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October 2016 October 2016 WHAT IS FUSION? TWO FUSION TYPES - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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October 2016 October 2016 WHAT IS FUSION? TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC produces neutrons produces NO neutrons NEUTRONIC FUSION D+T ->

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SLIDE 1

October 2016

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SLIDE 2

October 2016

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SLIDE 3

WHAT IS FUSION?

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SLIDE 4

TWO FUSION TYPES

NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC

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SLIDE 5

TWO FUSION TYPES

NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC

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SLIDE 6

TWO FUSION TYPES

NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC

produces neutrons produces NO neutrons

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SLIDE 7

NEUTRONIC FUSION

  • D+T -> He3 + n

Deuterium + Tritium -> Helium-3 + neutron

  • Some radioactive waste, heat converted

to electricity

  • Government funded, mainly
  • Far more expensive to build and maintain

safely

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SLIDE 8

ANEUTRONIC FUSION

  • p+ B11 -> 3 He4

Hydrogen + Boron11 -> 3Helium-4, no neutrons

  • NO radioactive waste
  • direct conversion to electricity, no turbines

needed

  • potentially far cheaper
  • Privately funded, mainly
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SLIDE 9

TWO FUSION TYPES

  • D+T -> He3 + n

Deuterium + Tritium -> Helium-3 + neutron

  • Some radioactive waste,

heat converted to electricity

  • Government funded,

mainly

  • Far more expensive to

build and maintain safely

ANEUTRONIC

  • p+ B11 -> 3 He4

Hydrogen + Boron11 -> 3Helium-4, no neutrons

  • NO radioactive waste
  • direct conversion to

electricity, no turbines needed

  • potentially far cheaper
  • Privately funded, mainly

NEUTRONIC

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SLIDE 10

ANEUTRONIC FUSION

Aneutronic → No neutrons → No Radioactive waste

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SLIDE 11

THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY

TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME  DENSITY n

EFFICIENCY

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SLIDE 12

THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY

TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME  DENSITY n

EFFICIENCY

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SLIDE 13

THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY

TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME  DENSITY n n

EFFICIENCY

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SLIDE 14

THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY

TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME  DENSITY n n

EFFICIENCY

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SLIDE 15

THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY

TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME  DENSITY n n

EFFICIENCY

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SLIDE 16

FUSION YARDSTICK

n n  T T n n  T

DENSITY CONFINEMENT TIME TEMPERATURE

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SLIDE 17

FUSION YIELD YARDSTICK: LAWSON CRITERION FOR NET ENERGY

T *  * n › 1 B 1 Billio lion n TeVsec/cm3

  • Temp. Confinement Time

Density

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SLIDE 18

THE OLD FUSION RACE

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SLIDE 19

THE OLD FUSION RACE

FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTS

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SLIDE 20

THE OLD FUSION RACE

FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTS NEUTRONIC

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SLIDE 21

THE OLD FUSION RACE

NEUTRONIC PROJECTS OVERVIEW

NIF ITER, JET, EAST Ignitor, MIT Arc W7-X Z-Machine

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SLIDE 22

NEUTRONIC PROJECTS OVERVIEW

NIF - Laser ITER, JET, EAST - Tokamaks Ignitor, MIT Arc – Compact Tokamaks W7-X - Stellarator Z-Machine – Z Pinch

THE OLD FUSION RACE

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SLIDE 23

LASERS: NIF

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SLIDE 24

TEMPERATURE UNIT

keV – kilo electron Volt,

  • r one thousand electron volts

keV – 11 million C

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SLIDE 25

NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY - NIF

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SLIDE 26

NIF

NIF - National Ignition Facility

Temperature, T = 8 keV Confinement Time,  = 0.16 ns Density, n = 8x 1024 /cm3 Energy in: 400 MJ Deuterium Energy out: 20 J Cost: $5 Billion

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 27

NIF

NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY

Temperature, T = 8 keV Confinement Time,  = 0.16ns Density, n = 8x 1024 /cm3 Energy in: 400 MJ Deuterium Energy out: 20 J Category: Neutronic Type: Laser Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: Published

Government funded: $5 Billion Country: USA Tech Info Funding Performance

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 28

NIF - PROBLEM:

MIXING FUSION ENERGY AND H – BOMBS IS A BAD IDEA

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SLIDE 29

TOKAMAKS: ITER JET EAST

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SLIDE 30

ITER

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SLIDE 31

ITER

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SLIDE 32

ITER

ITER - International Tokamak Experimental Reactor Cost: $20 Billion+ Not built yet First experiments scheduled: 2032+

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 33

ITER

INTERNATIONAL TOKAMAK EXPERIMENT AL REACTOR

Not built yet Expected to be built by 2027-2035 First experiments scheduled: 2032+

Funding

Cost: $20 Billion+ Funded by governments of: Russia, China, US, 28 EU states, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea, India Location: France

Tech Info

Category: Neutronic Type: Tokamak Experiments with: N/A Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: N/A

Performance

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 34

JET

JET- Joint European Torus

Temperature, T = 16 keV Confinement Time,  = 5s Density, n = 6x 1012 /cm3 Energy in: 10 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 60 kJ Cost: $2 Billion

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 35

JET

JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS

Performance

Temperature, T = 16 keV Confinement Time,  = 5s Density, n = 6x 1012 /cm3 Energy in: 10 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 60 kJ

Funding

EU funded: $2 Billion Country: UK

Tech Info

Category: Neutronic Type: Tokamak Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 36

EAST

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SLIDE 37

EAST

EAST– Experimental Advanced Super - conducting Tokamak

Temperature, T = 5 keV Confinement Time,  = 100 s Density, n = 3x 1013 /cm3 Energy in: 1 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 10 J Cost: $40 Million

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 38

EAST

EXPERIMENT AL ADVANCED SUPERCONDUCTING TOKAMAK Performance

Temperature, T = 5 keV Confinement Time,  = 100 s Density, n = 3x 1013 /cm3 Energy in: 1 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 10 J

Funding

Government Funded: $40 Million Country: China

Tech Info

Category: Neutronic Type: Tokamak Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 39

NET E ENERGY : ENERGY O

OUT O OF T THE D DEVICE ENERGY IN INTO THE D DEVICE

>1

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 40

EAST NIF JET

NET ENERG RGY

1 10 10 100 100 1,000 1,000 10,00 10,000 100 100,00 ,000 1,000 1,000,00 ,000 10,00 10,000,0 0,000 00 100,0 100,000 00,00 ,000 1,000 1,000,00 ,000,0 0,000 1 2 3 4

nT (TeVsec/cm3) Place

st nd rd

LAWSON C CRITERION F FOR FUSION YIE IELD: D DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 41

EAST NIF JET

NET ENERG RGY

1 10 10 100 100 1,000 1,000 10,00 10,000 100,0 100,000 00 1 Million 1 Million 10 M 10 Milli illion

  • n

100 100 Millio Million 1 B 1 Billi illion

  • n

1 2 3 4

nT (TeVsec/cm3) Place

st nd rd

LAWSON C CRITERION FOR FUSION YIE IELD: D DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * * T TEMPERATURE

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 42

EAST NIF JET

NET ENERG RGY

1 10 10 10 100 1,00 1,000 10 10,000 000 10 100, 0,000 000 1 1 Milli lion 10 10 M Mill llion 10 100 M 0 Mill llio ion 1 1 Bi Bill llio ion 10 10 Bi Bill llio ion 1 2 3 4

Pressure-Time Rank

st nd rd

FUSIO ION R RACE: P PRESURE * TIM IME PRODUCT

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 43

EAST JET NIF

NET ENERG ERGY

1 2 3 4

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield /input energy) Rank

st nd rd

100 % 10 % 1 %

  • ne tenth %
  • ne hundredth %
  • ne thousandth %
  • ne ten-thousandth %
  • ne hundred-thousandth %
  • ne millionth %

WALL - PLUG EFFIC ICIE IENCY: : FUSIO ION ENERGY YIE IELD AS A A PERCENT AGE OF ENERGY IN INPUT IN INTO THE DEVICE

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 44

COMPACT TOKAMAKS

Ignitor - under construction in Russia – MIT idea, Italy’s gov. co-funding Bruno Coppi MIT ARC Tokamak No Results Yet

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SLIDE 45

W7-X STELLARATOR

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SLIDE 46

W7-X

Wendelstein 7-X Temperature, T = 8 keV Confinement Time,  = 0.25 s Density, n = 3x 1014 /cm3 Cost: $1.3 Billion

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 47

W7-X WENDELSTEIN 7 - X

Performance

Temperature, T = 8 keV Confinement Time,  = 0.25 s Density, n = 3x 1014 /cm3

Funding

Government funded $1.3 Billion Country: Germany

Tech Info

Category: Neutronic Type: Stellarator Experiments with: Hydrogen Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 48

Z-MACHINE

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SLIDE 49

Z-MACHINE

Temperature, T = 400 keV Confinement Time,  = 3.2 x ns Density, n = 2 x 1020 /cm3 Energy in: 22 MJ Energy out: 40 J Cost: $140 Million

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 50

Z-MACHINE

Performance

Temperature, T = 400 keV Confinement Time,  = 3.2 x ns Density, n = 2 x 1020 /cm3 Energy in: 22 MJ Deuterium Energy out: 40 J

Funding Government funded $140 Million Country: USA Tech Info

Category: Neutronic Type: Z-pinch Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 51

October 2016

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SLIDE 52

THE NEW FUSION RACE

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SLIDE 53

THE NEW FUSION RACE

PRIVATELY FUNDED FUSION PROJECTS

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SLIDE 54

THE NEW FUSION RACE

PRIVATELY FUNDED FUSION PROJECTS

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SLIDE 55

GENERAL FUSION

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SLIDE 56

GENERAL FUSION

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SLIDE 57

GENERAL FUSION

Temperature, T = 0.4 keV Confinement Time,  = 2 ms Density, n = 5x 1014 /cm3 Cost: $80 Million+

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 58

GENERAL FUSION

Temperature, T = 0.4 keV Confinement Time,  = 2 ms Density, n = 5x 1014 /cm3 Tech Info

  • Gov. and Private

funding: $80 Million+ Country: Canada

Category: Liner Implosion Type: Neutronic Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

Funding Performance

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 59

EAST NIF W7-X JET General Fusion Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

1 10 10 100 100 1,000 1,000 10,00 10,000 100,0 100,000 00 1,000 1,000,00 ,000 10,0 10,000,00 ,000 100,0 100,000 00,00 ,000 1,000 1,000,00 ,000,0 0,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

nT (TeVsec/cm3) Place

st nd rd th th th

LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * * CONFINEMENT T TIME * * TEMPERATURE

  • NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY-

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 60

EAST NIF W7-X JET General Fusion Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

1 10 10 100 100 1,000 1,000 10,00 10,000 100,0 100,000 00 1 Million 1 Million 10 M 10 Milli illion

  • n

100 100 Milli Million

  • n

1 B 1 Billi illion

  • n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

nT (TeVsec/cm3) Place

st nd rd th th th

April 11, 2017

LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * * CONFINEMENT T TIME * * TEMPERATURE

  • NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY-
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SLIDE 61

EAST NIF W7-X JET General Fusion Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

1 10 10 10 100 1,00 1,000 10 10,000 000 10 100, 0,000 000 1 1 Milli lion 10 10 M Mill llion 10 100 M 0 Mill llio ion 1 Billio illion 10 10 Bi Bill llio ion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pressure-Time Rank

st nd rd th th th

FUSIO ION RACE: PRESSURE * TIM IME PRODUCT

  • NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY-

(atmosphere – microseconds)

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 62

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 NIF,$5,000 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MILLIONS ($ ($)

Focus Fusion, $5 General Fusion, $80

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SLIDE 63

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 NIF, $5,000 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MILLIONS ($ ($)

Focus Fusion, $5 General Fusion, $80

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SLIDE 64

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING NEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & & D PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MIL ILLIONS ($ ($)

General Fusion, $80

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SLIDE 65

October 2016

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SLIDE 66

Tri-Alpha EMC2 PALS Focus Fusion Helion

ANEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 67

ANEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS

Tri-Alpha – Reversed Field Conf. EMC2 - Polywell PALS - LASER Focus Fusion – Dense Plasma Focus Helion – Reversed Field Configuration

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 68

TRI-ALPHA

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SLIDE 69

TRI-ALPHA

Temperature, T = 1 keV Confinement time,  = 10 ms Density, n = 3x 1013 /cm3 Cost: $0.5 Billion+

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 70

TRI-ALPHA

Temperature, T = 1 keV Confinement time,  = 10 ms Density, n = 3x 1013 /cm3 Category: Aneutronic Type: Reversed Field Configuration Experiments with: hydrogen Plans to run with: hydrogen & boron (pB11) Results: published Private Funding: $0.5 Billion+ Country: USA

Tech Info Funding Performance

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 71

EMC2 POLYWELL

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SLIDE 72

EMC2 POLYWELL

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SLIDE 73

IEC - Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Temperature, T = 6 keV Confinement time,  = 20 µs Density, n = 1016 /cm3 Cost: $12 Million+

EMC2 POLYWELL

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 74

EMC2 POLYWELL

Performance Temperature, T = 6 keV Confinement time,  = 20 µs Density, n = 1016 /cm3 Funding Private Funding: $12 Million+ Country: USA Tech Info

Category: Aneutronic Type: IEC- inertial electrostatic confinement Experiments with: Hydrogen Plans to run with: Hydrogen & Boron (pB11) Results: published

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 75

PALS LASER

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SLIDE 76

PALS PB11 LASER CONCEPT

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SLIDE 77

PALS PB11

Temperature, T = 50 keV Confinement Time,  = 1 ns Density, n = 2 x1021 /cm3 Cost: $3 Million

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 78

PALS PB11

Performance Temperature, T = 50 keV Confinement Time,  = 1 ns Density, n = 2 x1021 /cm3 Funding Government Funded: $3 Million Country: Czech Republic Tech Info

Category: Aneutronic Type: Laser Experiments with: Hydrogen-Boron Plans to run with: Hydrogen & Boron pB11 Results: published

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 79

EAST NIF W7-X JET PALS EMC2 Tri- Alpha General Fusion Helion Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

1 10 10 100 100 1,000 1,000 10,00 10,000 100,0 100,000 00 1,000 1,000,00 ,000 10,00 10,000,0 0,000 00 100,0 100,000 00,00 ,000 1,000 1,000,00 ,000,0 0,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

nT (TeVsec/cm3) Place

st nd rd th th th th th th th

LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * * CONFINEMENT TIME * T TEMPERATURE

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 80

EAST NIF W7-X JET PALS EMC2 Tri- Alpha General Fusion Helion Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

1 10 10 100 100 1,000 1,000 10,00 10,000 100,0 100,000 00 1 Million 1 Million 10 M 10 Milli illion

  • n

100 100 Millio Million 1 B 1 Billi illion

  • n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

nT (TeVsec/cm3) Place

st nd rd th th th th th th th

LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION Y YIELD: D DENSITY * CONFINEMENT T TIME * * T TEMPERATURE

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 81

EAST NIF W7-X JET PALS 2 EMC Tri- Alpha General Fusion Helion Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

1 10 10 10 100 1,00 1,000 10 10,000 000 10 100, 0,000 000 1 1 Milli lion 10 10 M Mill llion 10 100 M 0 Mill llio ion 1 1 Bi Bill llio ion 10 10 Bi Bill llio ion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

PRESSURE-TIME

RANK

st nd rd th th th th th th th

FUSIO ION RACE: PRESSURE * * TIM IME P PRODUCT

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 82

October 2016

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SLIDE 83

FOCUS FUSION – 1

EXPERIMENT AL DEVICE

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SLIDE 84

DPF

D - DENSE P - PLASMA F - FOCUS (DEVICE)

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SLIDE 85

DPF

RUNNING ON HYDROGEN - BORON (PB11) IS WHAT WE CALL

FOCUS FUSION

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SLIDE 86

PHYSIC ICS OF THE D DENSE PLASMA FOCUS DEVIC ICE PARALLEL CURRENTS ATTRACT: : PIN INCH EFFECT

Ampere and the Pinch Effect http://vimeo.com/97608819

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SLIDE 87

HOW FOCUS FUSION -1 WORKS

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SLIDE 88

PLASMOID

8 ns after pinch

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SLIDE 89

8 ns after pinch

PLASMOID

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SLIDE 90

8 ns after pinch

PLASMOID

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SLIDE 91

ENERGY CAPTURE DEVICE

X-rays, Ion Beams; No turbines needed

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SLIDE 92

October 2016

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SLIDE 93

FOCUS FUSION - 1

Temperature, T =260 keV Confinement time,  = 30 ns Density, n = 3.2 x 1019 /cm3 Energy in: 60 kJ DD Energy out: 0.25 J Cost: $5 Million+

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 94

FOCUS FUSION - 1

Temperature, T =260 keV Confinement time,  = 30 ns Density, n = 3.2x 1019 /cm3 Energy in: 60 kJ DD Energy out: 0.25 J

Funding Performance Tech Info

Private Funding: $5 Million+ INT’L investors Country: USA Category: Aneutronic Type: DPF Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Hydrogen & Boron pB11 Results: published

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 95

EAST NIF W7-X JET PALS EMC2 Tri- Alpha General Fusion Helion Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

Focus Fusion 1 10 10 100 100 1,000 1,000 10,00 10,000 100,0 100,000 00 1,000 1,000,00 ,000 10,00 10,000,0 0,000 00 100,0 100,000 00,00 ,000 1,000 1,000,00 ,000,0 0,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

nT (TeVsec/cm3) Place

st nd rd th th th th th th th th

April 11, 2017

LAWSON CRITERION FOR F FUSION Y YIELD: D DENSITY * CONFINEMENT T TIME * * T TEMPERATURE

slide-96
SLIDE 96

EAST NIF W7-X JET PALS EMC2 Tri- Alpha General Fusion Helion Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

Focus Fusion 1 10 10 100 100 1,000 1,000 10,00 10,000 100,0 100,000 00 1 Million 1 Million 10 M 10 Milli illion

  • n

100 100 Millio Million 1 B 1 Billi illion

  • n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

nT (TeVsec/cm3) Place

st nd rd th th th th th th th th

LAWSON CRITERION FOR F FUSION Y YIELD: D DENSITY * CONFINEMENT T TIME * * T TEMPERATURE

April 11, 2017

slide-97
SLIDE 97

EAST NIF W7-X JET PALS EMC2 Tri- Alpha General Fusion Helion Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

Focus Fusion

1 10 10 10 100 1,00 1,000 10 10,000 000 10 100, 0,000 000 1 1 Milli lion 10 10 M Mill llion 10 100 M 0 Mill llio ion 1 1 Bi Bill llio ion 10 10 Bi Bill llio ion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Pressure-Time Rank

st nd rd th th th th th th th th

FUSION R RACE: P PRESURE * T TIME P PRODUCT

April 11, 2017

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SLIDE 98

Focus Fusion EAST JET NIF Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

0. 0.000001 000001 % 0. 0.00001 % 00001 % 0. 0.0001 0001 % % 0. 0.001 001 % % 0. 0.01 01 % % 0. 0.1 1 % 1 1 % 10 10 % % 10 100 % 0 % 1 2 3 4 5 6

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield /input energy) Rank

st nd rd th th

April 11, 2017

WALL – PLUG EFFIC ICIE IENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENT AGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

slide-99
SLIDE 99

Focus Fusion EAST JET NIF Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

0. 0.000001 000001 % 0. 0.00001 % 00001 % 0. 0.0001 0001 % % 0. 0.001 001 % % 0. 0.01 01 % % 0. 0.1 1 % 1 1 % 10 10 % % 10 100 % 0 % 1 2 3 4 5 6

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield /input energy) Rank

st nd rd th th

April 11, 2017

WALL – PLUG EFFIC ICIE IENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENT AGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

slide-100
SLIDE 100

Focus Fusion EAST JET NIF Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

1 2 3 4 5 6

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) Rank

st nd rd th th

100 % 10 10 % 1 %

  • ne tenth

nth %

  • ne hundredth

h %

  • ne thous

usandt ndth h %

  • ne ten-thou

housandt ndth h %

  • ne hundred-tho

hous usandt ndth h %

  • ne millio

lionth nth %

April 11, 2017

WALL – PLUG EFFIC ICIE IENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENT AGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

slide-101
SLIDE 101

Focus Fusion EAST JET NIF Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

1 2 3 4 5 6

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) Rank

st nd rd th th

100 % 10 10 % 1 %

  • ne tenth

nth %

  • ne hundredth

h %

  • ne thous

usandt ndth h %

  • ne ten-thou

housandt ndth h %

  • ne hundred-tho

hous usandt ndth h %

  • ne millio

lionth nth %

April 11, 2017

WALL – PLUG EFFIC ICIE IENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENT AGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

slide-102
SLIDE 102

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED

ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

April 11, 2017

WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY T T ABLE

PROJE OJECT Fusion n deuteri erium um yield ield / Input ut Energy gy RANK Fusion n deuteri erium um yield d J Refere erenc nce Input t Energ rgy y J Refere erenc nce

JET 6.00E-06 1 6.00E+04 3 1.00E+10 2 Focus Fusio ion 4.17E-06 2 0.25 14 6.00E+04 14 Z-Ma Machin chine 1.82E-06 3 40 11 2.20E+07 12 NIF 5.00E-08 4 20 8 4.00E+08 9 EAST 1.00E-08 5 10 6 1E+09 5

slide-103
SLIDE 103

Focus Fusion EAST JET NIF Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

1 2 3 4 5 6

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) Rank

st nd rd th th

100 % 10 10 % 1 %

  • ne tenth

nth %

  • ne hundr

dred edth h %

  • ne thous

usandt ndth h %

  • ne ten-thou

housandt ndth h %

  • ne hundr

dred ed-tho housandt dth h %

  • ne millio

lionth nth %

April 11, 2017

6 1.82 5 1

WALL – PLUG EFFIC ICIE IENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENT AGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

slide-104
SLIDE 104

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 NIF,$5,000 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MILLIONS ($ ($)

Focus Fusion, $5 General Fusion, $80

slide-105
SLIDE 105

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 NIF,$5,000 , 17% General Fusion, $80 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

Focus Fusion, $5 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & & D PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MIL ILLIONS ($ ($)

slide-106
SLIDE 106

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 NIF,$5,000 , 17% General Fusion, $80 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

Focus Fusion, $5 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & & D PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MIL ILLIONS ($ ($)

slide-107
SLIDE 107

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED

ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

April 11, 2017

WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY P PER $1B SPENT T ABLE

Project ject Wall-Plug Plug Efficie cienc ncy y per $1B Spent Rank Fusion n Deuteri erium um Yield d /Input ut Energy gy Invest estme ment nt in $Billio ion Refere erenc nce

Focus Fusio ion 8.33E 3E-04 04 1 4.17E-06 0.005 16 Z-Ma Machin chine 1.30E 30E-05 05 2 1.82E-06 0.140 13 JET 2.00 00E-06 06 3 6.00E-06 3.000 4; 30 years operation, inflation adj. EAST 2.50 50E-07 07 4 1.00E-08 0.040 6 NIF 1.00 00E-08 08 5 5.00E-08 5.000 10; + 5 years operation @ $300M/ year

slide-108
SLIDE 108

Focus Fusion EAST JET NIF Z-Machine 1 2 3 4 5 6

Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1 Billion Spent Rank

st nd rd th th

100 % 10 % 1 %

  • ne tenth %
  • ne hundredth %
  • ne thousandth %
  • ne ten-thousandth %
  • ne hundred-thousandth %
  • ne millionth %

FUSION R RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BIL ILLION SPENT

  • RESULTS BASED ON

D DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY -

April 11, 2017

slide-109
SLIDE 109

Focus Fusion EAST JET NIF Z-Machine 1 2 3 4 5 6

Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1 Billion Spent Rank

st nd rd th th

100 % 10 % 1 %

  • ne tenth %
  • ne hundredth %
  • ne thousandth %
  • ne ten-thousandth %
  • ne hundred-thousandth %
  • ne millionth %

April 11, 2017

FUSION R RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BIL ILLION SPENT

  • RESULTS BASED ON

D DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY -

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

slide-110
SLIDE 110
slide-111
SLIDE 111

Quasars Beam From Star Formation Solar Flares Spiral Galaxy

REPRODUCING NATURAL INST ABILITIES

slide-112
SLIDE 112

October 2016

slide-113
SLIDE 113

Amounts: 0.6mg from anode erosion, 0.4mg from arcing 50% of D sheath mass

Erosion

  • f Anode

Arcing at Joins Electron Beam FOCUS FUSION-1 IM IMPURITY SOURCES: :

slide-114
SLIDE 114

HYPOTHESIS:

REDUCING IMPURITY CAN ELIMINATE YIELD PLATEAU IN DPF DEVICE CURRENT TO THE 4TH POWER SCALING Monolithic Tungsten Electrodes — no arcing Pre-ionization to reduce runaway electrons Bake-out, TiN coating to minimize oxides Longer chamber, Deuterium-Nitrogen mix to reduce rust from electron beam erosion

slide-115
SLIDE 115

Monolithic Tungsten Electrodes Bake-out/ Long Chamber Pre-ionization

TiN coating

slide-116
SLIDE 116

KEY RESULTS

  • Monolithic tungsten, pure deuterium, no pre-ionization:

50% increase in peak, mean yield

  • Monolithic tungsten, deuterium+5% nitrogen, pre-ionization:

 50% increase in mean yield  50% increase in peak, mean ion temperature - new record  14% standard deviation in yield, 4-fold decrease

slide-117
SLIDE 117

NEXT STEPS

Remove all oxides—clear out valves, 60 C bake-out, microwave hydrogen treatment Better pre-ionization 10 cm tungsten anode—higher current, greater gas density, dilutes impurities

slide-118
SLIDE 118

PLANS FOR 2017 ?

Beryllium electrodes—NO heavy metal impurities, far less overall Still shorter-7 cm anode Upgrade connections for higher current pB11 experiments

slide-119
SLIDE 119

HOW CAN YOU HELP?

Crowd-funding investment opportunities? Open Letter on fusion funding Spread the word: Aneutronic fusion is a near- term possibility

slide-120
SLIDE 120

MAJOR DELAYS

1.5 years - Fixing Switches 2 years – Figuring out Impurities 0.5 years — Money for Beryllium 2.5 years — Waiting for Beryllium

slide-121
SLIDE 121

October 2016

slide-122
SLIDE 122

SUMMARY & REFERENCES

4/11/2017

slide-123
SLIDE 123

TWO FUSION TYPES

  • D+T -> He3 + n

Deuterium + Tritium -> Helium-3 + neutron

  • Some radioactive waste,

heat converted to electricity

  • Government funded,

mainly

  • Far more expensive to

build and maintain safely

ANEUTRONIC

  • p+ B11 -> 3 He4

Hydrogen + Boron11 -> 3Helium-4, no neutrons

  • NO radioactive waste
  • direct conversion to

electricity, no turbines needed

  • potentially far cheaper
  • Privately funded, mainly

NEUTRONIC

slide-124
SLIDE 124

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 NIF,$5,000 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MILLIONS ($ ($)

Focus Fusion, $5 General Fusion, $80

slide-125
SLIDE 125

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 NIF, $5,000 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MILLIONS ($ ($)

Focus Fusion, $5 General Fusion, $80

slide-126
SLIDE 126

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING NEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & & D PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MIL ILLIONS ($ ($)

General Fusion, $80

slide-127
SLIDE 127

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 NIF,$5,000 , 17% General Fusion, $80 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

Focus Fusion, $5 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & & D PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MIL ILLIONS ($ ($)

slide-128
SLIDE 128

ITER, $20,000 EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 NIF,$5,000 , 17% General Fusion, $80 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

Focus Fusion, $5 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & & D PROJECTS: S: FUNDING IN IN MIL ILLIONS ($ ($)

slide-129
SLIDE 129

Aneutronic Fusion Projects

Tri-Alpha EMC2 Focus Fusion PALS

Neutronic Fusion Projects

ITER EAST JET NIF Gen Fusion Z-Machine W7-X

slide-130
SLIDE 130

$29,560M $520M

FUSION R&D TOT AL FUNDING: $30,080 MILLION

Neutronic Aneutronic

April 11, 2017

slide-131
SLIDE 131

Neutronic, $29,560 Million Tri-Alpha, $500 Million EMC2, $12 Million Focus Fusion, $5 Million PALS, $3 Million Aneutronic , $520 Million

NEUTRONIC VS. ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R&D FUNDING

April 11, 2017

slide-132
SLIDE 132

Tri-Alpha, $500M EMC2, $12M Focus Fusion, $5M PALS, $3M

LEADING A ANEUTRONIC F FUSION ENERGY P PROJECTS F FUNDING

  • ALL P

PRIV IVATELY FUNDED -

April 11, 2017

slide-133
SLIDE 133

Government Funded Fusion Projects ITER EAST JET NIF PALS Z-Machine W7-X Priv ivately ly Funded F Fusion Projects EMC2 General Fusion Focus Fusion Tri-Alpha Hellion Lockheed Martin/Skunk Works

slide-134
SLIDE 134

$29,483 M $597 M

  • Gov. Funded

Private Funding

GOVERNMENT vs. PRIV IVATE FUSIO ION R&D FUNDING

April 11, 2017

slide-135
SLIDE 135

$29,483 M $597 M

GOVERNMENT vs. PRIVATE FUSION R&D FUNDING

  • Gov. Funded

Private Funding

April 11, 2017

slide-136
SLIDE 136

$29,560M $520M

FUSION R&D TOT AL FUNDING: : $30,080 MILLION

Neutronic Aneutronic

April 11, 2017

slide-137
SLIDE 137

GOV. FUNDED, $29,483 PRIVATELY FUNDED, $597M

  • GOV. vs

vs. . PRIVATE FUSION FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

April 11, 2017

slide-138
SLIDE 138

Gov Funded, $29,483 Tri-Alpha, $500 EMC2, $12 Focus Fusion, $5 General Fusion, $80 PRIVATELY FUNDED

  • GOV. vs

vs. . PRIVATE FUSION FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

April 11, 2017

slide-139
SLIDE 139

Tri-Alpha, $500 EMC2, $12

Focus Fusion, $5 General Fusion, $80

PRIVATE FUSION R&D FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($)

April 11, 2017

slide-140
SLIDE 140

General Fusion

ITER EAST

JET

W7-X

PALS

Z-Machine

NIF

Focus Fusion

EMC2

Tri-Alpha

Lockheed Martin / Skunk Works

ANEUTRO RONIC IC FUSION ON R & D PRIV IVATELY LY FUNDED NEUTRONIC RONIC FUSION ON R R & D & D GOV.

  • V. FUNDED

Hellion

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION FUNDING & TREND OVERVIEW

April 11, 2017

slide-141
SLIDE 141

$80M

$20,000M

$40M

$3,000M

$1,300M

$3M $140M

$5.000M

$5M

$12M

$500M

data not available

ANEUTRO RONIC IC FUSION ON R & D PRIV IVATELY LY FUNDED NEUTRONIC RONIC FUSION ON R R & D & D GOV.

  • V. FUNDED

data not available

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION FUNDING & TREND OVERVIEW

slide-142
SLIDE 142

Too low

  • Temp. no

yield

Not Built

EAST

JET

Hydrogen fueled

pB11 experimenting

  • nly

Z-Machine

NIF

Focus Fusion

Published results not avail.

Temp, too low - no yield No published results available

ANEUTRO RONIC IC FUSION ON R & D PRIV IVATELY LY FUNDED NEUTRONIC RONIC FUSION ON R R & D & D GOV.

  • V. FUNDED

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW

  • Temp. too low, no yield

April 11, 2017

slide-143
SLIDE 143

EAST

JET

Z-Machine

NIF

Focus Fusion

ANEUTRO RONIC IC FUSION ON R & D PRIV IVATELY LY FUNDED NEUTRONIC RONIC FUSION ON R R & D & D GOV.

  • V. FUNDED

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW

  • DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY -

April 11, 2017

slide-144
SLIDE 144

ANEUTRO RONIC IC FUSION ON R & D PRIV IVATELY LY FUNDED NEUTRONIC RONIC FUSION ON R R & D & D GOV.

  • V. FUNDED

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW

  • DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY -

April 11, 2017

slide-145
SLIDE 145

ANEUTRO RONIC IC FUSION ON R & D PRIV IVATELY LY FUNDED NEUTRONIC RONIC FUSION ON R R & D & D GOV.

  • V. FUNDED

WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW

  • DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY -

April 11, 2017

6E -06 1.82E -06 5E -08 1 E -8 4.17E -06

slide-146
SLIDE 146

NET E ENERGY : ENERGY O

OUT O OF T THE D DEVICE ENERGY IN INTO THE D DEVICE

>1

April 11, 2017

slide-147
SLIDE 147

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED

ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

April 11, 2017

WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY T T ABLE

PROJE OJECT Fusion n deuteri erium um yield ield / Input ut Energy gy RANK Fusion n deuteri erium um yield d J Refere erenc nce Input t Energ rgy y J Refere erenc nce

JET 6.00E-06 1 6.00E+04 3 1.00E+10 2 Focus Fusio ion 4.17E-06 2 0.25 14 6.00E+04 14 Z-Ma Machin chine 1.82E-06 3 40 11 2.20E+07 12 NIF 5.00E-08 4 20 8 4.00E+08 9 EAST 1.00E-08 5 10 6 1E+09 5

slide-148
SLIDE 148

Focus Fusion EAST JET NIF Z-Machine

NET ENERG RGY

1 2 3 4 5 6

Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) Rank

st nd rd th th

100 % 10 10 % 1 %

  • ne tenth

nth %

  • ne hundredth

h %

  • ne thous

usandt ndth h %

  • ne ten-thou

housandt ndth h %

  • ne hundred-tho

hous usandt ndth h %

  • ne millio

lionth nth %

April 11, 2017

WALL – PLUG EFFIC ICIE IENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENT AGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

slide-149
SLIDE 149

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED

ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion – Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

April 11, 2017

WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY P PER $1B SPENT T ABLE

Project ject Wall-Plug Plug Efficie cienc ncy y per $1B Spent Rank Fusion n Deuteri erium um Yield d /Input ut Energy gy Invest estme ment nt in $Billio ion Refere erenc nce

Focus Fusio ion 8.33E 3E-04 04 1 4.17E-06 0.005 16 Z-Ma Machin chine 1.30E 30E-05 05 2 1.82E-06 0.140 13 JET 2.00 00E-06 06 3 6.00E-06 3.000 4; 30 years operation, inflation adj. EAST 2.50 50E-07 07 4 1.00E-08 0.040 6 NIF 1.00 00E-08 08 5 5.00E-08 5.000 10; + 5 years operation @ $300M/ year

slide-150
SLIDE 150

Focus Fusion EAST JET NIF Z-Machine 1 2 3 4 5 6

Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1 Billion Spent Rank

st nd rd th th

100 % 10 10 % 1 %

  • ne tenth

nth %

  • ne hundredth

h %

  • ne thousandt

dth h %

  • ne ten-thou

housandt ndth h %

  • ne hundred-tho

hous usandt ndth h %

  • ne millio

lionth th %

FUSIO ION R RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 B BIL ILLIO ION S SPENT

  • RESULTS BASED ON DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS RESULTS ONLY -

April 11, 2017

REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion EMC2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

slide-151
SLIDE 151

EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 General Fusion, $80 Tri-Alpha, $500 PALS, $3

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R R&D PROJECTS: S: NAME AND FUNDING IN IN MIL ILLIONS ($ ($)

ITER, $20,000

slide-152
SLIDE 152

EAST, $40, China JET, $3,000, UK EMC2, $12, USA Z-Machine, $140, USA W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY Focus Fusion, $5, USA NIF,$5,000, USA Tri-Alpha, $500, USA PALS, $3, CZECH REP.

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R R&D PROJECTS: S: NAME AND FUNDING IN IN MIL ILLIONS ($ ($), L LOCATION

ITER, $20,000, INT'L - FRANCE General Fusion, $80, CANADA

slide-153
SLIDE 153

EAST, $40, China, Tokamak JET, $3,000, UK, Tokamak EMC2, $12, USA, Polywell Z-Machine, $140, USA, W7-X, $1,300, NIF, $5,000, USA, Laser General Fusion, $80, Tri-Alpha, $500, USA, Rev. Field Config. PALS, $3, CZECH REP, Laser

April 11, 2017

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R R&D PROJECTS: S: NAME AND FUNDING IN IN MIL ILLIONS ($ ($), LOCATION, DEVICE TYPE

Z-Pinch GERMANY, Stellarator Focus Fusion, $5, USA, DPF ITER, $20,000, INT'L – FRANCE, Tokamak CANADA, Liner Implosion

slide-154
SLIDE 154

April 11, 2017

JET, $3,000, UK, Tokamak, Gov. Funded EMC2, $12, USA, Polywell, Z-Machine, $140, USA, Z-Pinch, W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY, Focus Fusion, $5, USA, NIF,$5,000, USA, Laser, Gov. General Fusion, $80, CANADA, Tri-Alpha, $500, USA, Rev. Field Config., Priv. PALS, $3, CZECH REP., Laser, Gov. Funded

WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R R&D PROJECTS: S: NAME AND FUNDING IN IN MIL ILLIONS ($ ($), L LOCATION, DEVICE TYPE, F FUNDING T TYPE

Liner Implosion, Priv.

  • Gov. Funded

Stellarator, Gov. Funded DPF, Private Funded EAST, $40, China, Tokamak, Gov. Funded Private

ITER, $20,000, INT'L – FRANCE, Tokamak, INT’L GOV. Funded

slide-155
SLIDE 155

REFERENCES

  • Ref. # Project

URL 1 JET http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/55/5/053031/meta 2 JET http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph241/kates-harbeck2/docs/Focus_on.pdf 3 JET http://ocs.ciemat.es/EPS2015PAP/pdf/P2.171.pdf 4 JET https://www.euro-fusion.org/2014/07/jet-operation-secured-until-2018/ 5 EAST http://east.ipp.ac.cn/IAC/disk/Design%20of%20the%20EAST(HT-7U)Project/1.1.pdf 6 EAST https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.7356 7 EAST http://fire.pppl.gov/sofe_05_weng.pdf 8 NIF http://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1215673 9 NIF https://lasers.llnl.gov/news/efficiency-improvements/2015/november 10 NIF https://lasers.llnl.gov/about/faqs#nif_cost 11 Z-Machine http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/53/9/093001/meta 12 Z-Machine http://fliphtml5.com/rbay/uapk 13 Z-Machine http://www.science20.com/news_account/refurbished_z_machine_goes_back_online 14 LPPFusion http://lppfusion.com/fusion-yield-up-almost-50-as-ff-1-resumes-firing/ 15 LPPFusion http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/19/3/10.1063/1.3694746 16 LPPFusion http://lppfusion.com/lppfusion-launches-sixth-stock-offering/ 17 W7-X http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientific-experimentation-wendelstein-x-fusion.html 18 W7-X http://newatlas.com/wendelstein7x-fusion-stellarator-plasma-tests/40014/ 19

  • Gen. Fusion

http://www.physics.uci.edu/US-JAPAN-CT2016/Program_Presentations/5.2_S.Howard_CT2016.pdf 20 Helion, 3-Alpha, GenFusion http://www.nanalyze.com/2015/12/3-nuclear-fusion-energy-companies-for-investors-to-watch/ 21 Helion http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/51/5/053008/meta 22 Tri-Alpha http://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.4944019 23 Tri-Alpha https://www.euro-fusion.org/newsletter/tri-alpha-energy/ 24 EMC2 http://fire.pppl.gov/FPA14_IECM_EMC2_Park.pdf 25 EMC3 http://www.geekwire.com/2016/emc2-revives-quest-to-harness-polywell-nuclear-fusion/ 26 PALS http://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.4.031030 27 ITER http://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-nuclear-iter-idUSKCN1271BC 28 Z-Machine http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/14/2/10.1063/1.2446177

April 11, 2017