Objec(ves Dic(onaries March 14, 2018 Sprenkle - CSCI111 1 Review - - PDF document

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Objec(ves Dic(onaries March 14, 2018 Sprenkle - CSCI111 1 Review - - PDF document

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Objec(ves Dic(onaries March 14, 2018 Sprenkle - CSCI111 1 Review What are the benefits of modules? Pre Lab 8 Chapter 6.8: Using a main func(on Lessons learned about files? Lessons learned about breaking problems down?

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Objec(ves

  • Dic(onaries

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Review

  • What are the benefits of modules?

Ø Pre Lab 8 – Chapter 6.8: Using a main func(on

  • Lessons learned about files?
  • Lessons learned about breaking problems down?
  • How would your Caesar Cipher code need to

change for encoding a much larger file?

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LOOKUP ALTERNATIVES

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List/String Lookup

  • How do we “lookup” a value in a list?
  • Answer:

Ø By its index/posi(on

  • Requires:

Ø Knowing the index where a value is

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Alterna(ve Lookup

  • Alterna(ve: look up something by its key

Ø Example: When I lookup my friend’s phone number in my contacts, I don’t know that the number is at posi(on X in my contacts. I can look up my friend’s number by her name. Ø Have a fast way to figure out “given this key, what is the value associated with it?”

  • This type of data structure is known as a

dic$onary in Python

Ø Maps a key to a value Ø Contacts’ key: “Friend’s name”, value: phone number

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Examples of Dic(onaries

  • Any other things we’ve done/used in class?

Dic9onary Keys Values Dictionary Textbook’s index Cookbook URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

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Examples of Dic(onaries

  • Any other things we’ve done/used in class?

Dic9onary Keys Values Dictionary Word Definition Textbook’s index Keyword Page number Cookbook Food type Recipes URL (Uniform Resource Locator) URL Web page

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Examples of Dic(onaries

  • Real-world:

Ø Dic(onary Ø Textbook’s index Ø Cookbook Ø URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

  • Examples from class

Ø Variable name à value Ø Func(on name à func(on defini(on Ø ASCII value à character

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Example: A Textbook’s Index

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20 60 45 25 "integer" "string" "float" "list" Keys Values Lots of empty space to add new values Keys are not in any order

A Textbook’s Index

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20 60 45 25 "integer" "string" "float" "list" Keys Values

  • Not in alphabetical order
  • Not in order added to dictionary
  • Lots of space
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Dic(onaries in Python

  • Map keys to values

Ø Keys are probably not alphabe(zed Ø Mappings are from one key to one value

  • Keys are unique, Values are not necessarily unique

Ø Example: student id à last name

  • Keys must be immutable (numbers, strings)
  • Similar to Hashtables/Hashmaps in other

languages

How would we handle if there is more than one value for a given key?

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Crea(ng Dic(onaries in Python

Syntax: {<key>:<value>, …, <key>:<value>}

empty = {} {} ascii = { { 'a':97, 'b':98, 'c':99, …, 'z':122 }

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Dic(onary Opera(ons

Indexing <dict>[<key>] Length (# of keys) len(<dict>) Itera9on for for <key> in in <dict>: Membership <key> in in <dict> Dele9on del <dict>[<key>] Unlike strings and lists, doesn’t make sense to do slicing, concatenation, repetition for dictionaries

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Dic(onary Methods

Method Name Func9onality

<dict>.clear()

Remove all items from dic(onary

<dict>.keys()

Returns a copy of dic(onary’s keys (a set-like

  • bject)

<dict>.values()

Returns a copy of dic(onary’s values (a set- like object)

<dict>.get(x 


[, default]) Returns <dict>[x] if x is a key; Otherwise, returns None (or default value)

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Accessing Values Using Keys

  • Syntax:

<dictionary>[<key>]

  • Examples:
  • KeyError

KeyError if key is not in dic(onary

Ø Run(me error; exits program

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ascii['z'] contacts['friendname']

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Accessing Values Using get get Method

  • <dict>.get(x [,default])

Ø Returns <dict>[x] if x is a key; Otherwise, returns None (or default value)

  • If no mapping,

None None is returned instead of KeyError KeyError

ascii.get('z') directory.get('friendname')

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Accessing Values

  • Typically, you will check if dic(onary has a key

before trying to access the key

  • Or handle if get returns default

if if 'friend' in in contacts: number = contacts['friend']

Know mapping exists before trying to access

number = contacts.get('friend') if if number is is None: # do something …

No phone number exists

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Recall: Special Value None None

  • Special value we can use

Ø E.g., Return value from func(on when there is an error

  • Similar to null

null in Java

  • If you execute

Ø Prints None because list.sort() does not return anything

list = list.sort() print(list)

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Example Using None None

# returns the lowercase letter translated by the key. # If letter is not a lowercase letter, returns None

def def translateLetter( letter, key ): if if letter < 'a' or letter > 'z': return return None #As usual … # example use encLetter = translateLetter(char, key) if if encLetter is is None: print("Error in message: ", char)

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Inser(ng Key-Value Pairs

  • Syntax:

<dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

  • ascii['a'] = 97

Ø Creates new mapping of 'a' à 97

ascii_dictionary.py

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Textbook’s Index

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20 60 45 25 "integer" "string" "float" "list" Keys Values bookindex["dictionary"]=58

Textbook’s Index

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20 60 45 58 25 "dic(onary" Keys Values bookindex["dictionary"]=58 "integer" "string" "float" "list"

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Adding/Modifying Key-Value Pairs

  • Syntax:

<dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

  • directory['registrar'] = 8455

Ø Adds mapping for 'registrar' to 8455 OR Ø Modifies old entry if it existed to 8455

Methods keys() and values()

  • Don’t actually return a list object
  • But can be used similarly to a list
  • If you want to make them into a list:

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keys = list(mydict.keys())

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Using Dic(onaries

  • Demonstrate lots of opera(ons, methods, etc. in

using dic(onaries

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using_dictionary.py

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Problem

  • Part 1:

Ø Given a file of the form

  • <firstname> <classyear>

Ø Goal: I want to quickly find out what a student’s class is

  • How do we want to model the data?
  • What is the key? What is the value?
  • How to display the mapping in a prery way?
  • What order is the data printed in?
  • Part 2:

Ø Prompt user for the first name of the student Ø Display the student’s gradua(on year

years_dictionary.py Part 3: Repeat Part 2

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Algorithm to Problem

  • Create an empty dic(onary
  • Read in the file line by line

Ø Split the line Ø From the split, get the last name and the year Ø Add a mapping of the last name to the year in the dic(onary

  • (accumulate the data in the dic(onary)
  • Process the data in the dic(onary, e.g.,

Ø Display it, in sorted order Ø Get user input to get answers

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Modify Last Problem

  • Modify previous program to show the student’s

expected gradua(on year

years_dictionary2.py Practice

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Looking Ahead

  • Lab 8 due Friday
  • Cryptocurrencies due Friday

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