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History Lessons: Sentinel Occupational and Environmental Events UCSF OEM CME March 5, 2020 Paul D. Blanc, MD MSPH University of California San Francisco, USA No Conflicts of Interest to Declare Presentation Goals Examine the initial


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History Lessons: Sentinel Occupational and Environmental Events

UCSF OEM CME March 5, 2020

Paul D. Blanc, MD MSPH University of California San Francisco, USA

No Conflicts of Interest to Declare Presentation Goals

  • Examine the initial recognition of selected

“sentinel” events in OEM

  • Interrogate this history to better understand

what really happened

  • Show how the past  insights to the present
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SLIDE 2

Being an Occupational History Detective What has work-related traumatic injury contributed to general medical knowledge? How often is the occupational etiology forgotten or ignored or, conversely, misattributed?

Erik Henningsen: A Wounded Worker, 1892

Case Example 1: Phineas Gage

“The American Crowbar Case"

Nearly everyone who studies human neurology or psychology learns about this case. But how many know the root cause of the accident?

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SLIDE 3

Phineas Gage

“This case is one of the clearest demonstrations in history of how the study of occupational injuries and illness can lead to advances in science and medicine in other fields”

  • T. Guidotti Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, Vol. 67, No. 4, 2012

Case Example 2: Color Blindness

Lagerlunda Sweden rail accident November 15, 1875; Alarik Frithiof Holmgren advocates for mandatory color vision testing using a system had developed. The appreciation of color blindness afterward is frequently attributed to industrial medicine

Color Blindness

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SLIDE 4

Case Example 3:

Brown-Sequard Syndrome as Occupational Trauma Brown-Séquard syndrome

Brown-Séquard syndrome … is caused by damage to

  • ne half of the spinal cord, resulting in paralysis and loss
  • f proprioception on the same (or ipsilateral) side as the

injury or lesion, and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite (or contralateral) side as the

  • lesion. It is named after physiologist Charles-Édouard

Brown-Séquard, who first described the condition in

  • 1850. [ref 1]

History Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard studied the anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord. He described this injury after observing spinal cord trauma which happened to farmers while cutting sugar cane in Mauritius

Reference Cited: C.-É. Brown-Séquard. De la transmission croisée des impressions sensitives par la moelle épinière. Comptes rendus de la Société de biologie, (1850) 1851, 2: 33–44. Actual Contents: Experimental animal research

  • n lesion
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Being an Occupational History Detective What has work-related toxic injury contributed to general medical knowledge? How often is the occupational etiology forgotten or ignored or, conversely, misattributed or misunderstood? Case Example 1: Bari Disaster

Pharmacology of Cancer Chemotherapy

“White blood cell counts of 100 cells per cubic mm or below were recorded…All cases did not demonstrate the fall in white blood cell counts but all cases with an extremely low count died”

Pharmacology of Cancer Chemotherapy

American Cancer Society website: “During World War II, naval personnel who were exposed to mustard gas during military action were found to have toxic changes in the bone marrow cells that develop into blood cells. During that same period, the US Army was studying a number of chemicals related to mustard gas to develop more effective agents for war and also develop protective measures. In the course of that work, a compound called nitrogen mustard was studied and found to work against a cancer of the lymph nodes called lymphoma.”

Actually, the effect was first described WWI (see also: Miller, J. Blood changes in gas poisoning. Lancet, 1917, i, 793.

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SLIDE 7

Case Example 2: The “First” Occupational Cancer

Occupational Cancer

  • First recognition of any occupational cancer

is typically attributed to Percival Pott

  • In 1775 he reported chimney sweep’s

cancer of the scrotum Chirurgical observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the Cancer of the Scrotum

…there is a disease as peculiar to a certain set of people, which has not, at least to my knowledge, been publickly noticed; I mean the chimney-sweepers' cancer. It is a disease which always makes its first attack on, and its first appearance in, the inferior part of the scrotum…. The trade call it the soot-wart….

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SLIDE 8

Misconception about Pott: His Cancer was Limited to Sweepers

  • Pott: “Other people have cancers of the same

parts….” but chimney-sweepers were more prone

  • Dr. Earl (Pott’s son-in-law): reported a gardener

who came to St. Bartholomew's Hospital with " a large cancerous sore… occupying almost the whole of the back of the left hand." The patient had been engaged in scattering soot in a garden. The hand was amputated. [Chirurgical works of Percivall Pott ed. Sir James Earle (1808)]

The Gardener’s Hand

Specimen Z.268 Photograph courtesy of: Carla Valentine DAPT, Barts Pathology Museum, St Bartholomew’s Hospital

www.qmul.ac.uk/bartspathology

Another Misconception: Potts Was Not Really the First to Describe Occupational Cancer

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SLIDE 9

Carl [Karl] Lebrecht Scheffler d. 1772 Publishes a seminal work on the health of miners, 1770: Abhandlung von der Gesundheit der Bergleute. Broad in scope - gives particular emphasis to the health of the cobalt miners of Schneeberg and nearby Annaberg where Scheffler practiced medicine

Scheffler Described a New Illness

  • Very early mortality of those exposed
  • Rapid downhill course once disease was

manifest

  • Does not attribute disease to dust, unlike

previous descriptions of slow bergsucht [lung disease in miners (likely silicosis)]

Key Epidemiologic Insights by Scheffler

  • Attributes disease to an inhaled gas or

“emanation”

  • Higher disease prevalence in a specific cobalt

mine

  • That mine: very long and poorly ventilated

galleries

  • Miners had to transverse this to reach the rock

face

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SLIDE 10

After Scheffler….

No further medical recognition for > 100 years

Schneeberg

Miners, Marcus Semmler Mine (Bad Schlema)

  • circa. 1880

Miner’s Fountain

1879: FH Härting and W Hesse

“Der Lungenkrebs, die Bergkrankheit in den Schneeberger Gruben“ Vierteljahrsschrift für gerichtliche Medicin und öffentliches Sanitätswesen

  • 1878: Initial public health officer notice
  • 1879: Extensive report with a mine medic
  • Lung cancer = Schneeberger krankheit
  • 1869-77: 150↓/650 miners (23% rate)

Note: in 19th Century, lung cancer rare!

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SLIDE 11

Uranium, Radon, and Lung Cancer in late 19th Century

  • Accumulating data on the extent of the

Schneeberger krankheit

  • Confusion on pathology: initially mistaken

as sarcoma, later typical carcinoma confirmed

  • Arsenic wrongly suspected as the cancer-

causing agent

Uranium, Radon, and Lung Cancer in the 20th Century

  • 1898: Radium discovered* – becomes a new and

marketable cobalt mining byproduct

  • 1905: Radon first measured at the mines
  • 1921: Radon first proposed as the disease cause
  • 1925: 1st Berufskrankheiten-Verordnung (German

Occupational Diseases Decree) lists Schneeberger krankheit 1 of only 10 conditions for compensation

*P. Curie, Mme. P. Curie and G. Bémont, “Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende,” Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1898 (26 December), 127:1215-1217

Key Argument Against Radon First Decades of 20th Century:

Why no similar disease in Joachimsthal in Bohemia?

[Near Schneeberg in Germany, mining the same material]

Footnote to Curies’ discovery of radon:

“May we be permitted to thank here M. Suess, Correspondent of the Institute and Professor at the University of Vienna? Thanks to his benevolent intervention, we have obtained from the Austrian government the free gift of 100 kg of a residue from the treat- ment of the Joachimsthal pitchblende, containing no uranium, but containing polonium and radium. This gift will greatly facilitate our researches.”

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SLIDE 12

Jáchymov (1548) The Answer

  • It wasn’t lack of disease – it was just that no one

reported it under Austrian rule

  • Post WW I: Czechoslovakia nationalized mines
  • April/May 1929: Drs. H. Šikl and A. Pirchan; and
  • Dr. Julius Löwy present Jáchymov cases to the

Comité d’Hygiène de la Société des Nations

  • 1931: Pirchan and Šikl publish paper on the

epidemic in the American Journal of Cancer

Jump Ahead - 1950s

Uranium Miners And Millers

  • Epidemiology convincing….. however
  • No good animal model – and “modeled” radiation

exposure does not seem to explain effect

  • Wilhelm Hueper (1894 - 1978) 1st director,

Environmental Cancer Section of the U.S. National Cancer Institute argues forcefully on occupational cancer in uranium miners But…exposure continues

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SLIDE 13

Occupational Cancer - Chance and Science

WOODWORKER’S ETHMOIDAL CANCER. In 1963, the present writer was invited to deliver the Sir William Wilde oration in Dublin. The choice of subject within the general

  • tolaryngological field is by custom left to the lecturer and he is given a year’s notice. I

felt that malignant disease of the paranasal sinuses might be a good topic for two reasons: nobody had reviewed the subject recently, and it was at that time one of my major interests. It is possible, therefore, at this point to identify two elements of chance: my having been nominated to give the oration, and my choice of subject…. It seemed sensible to study the records of all cases of such disease seen and treated at the Radcliffe Infirmary (the Oxford teaching hospital) in the previous 25 years… The main point relevant here was the emergence of a group of such cases emanating from the small market town of High Wycombe. …High Wycombe lies about halfway between Oxford and London … The major local industry for about 300 years has been making furniture from the local timber. The otolaryngologist resident in High Wycombe, Miss Esmé Hadfield, F.R.C.S., had by this time become interested…. Miss Hadfield undertook to look into the occupations of these patients. She became more and more convinced that woodworking was indeed a major factor in the etiology, and the matter was finally clinched when… a new patient turned up…suffering from a confirmed adenocarcinoma

  • f the ethmoid. “Don’t tell me,” said Miss Hadfield, “that you are a furniture worker,” to

which the man replied, “As a matter of fact I am-how did you guess?”

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SLIDE 14

From a Review Article: “Although a few of the cancers so far recognized as of occupational origin have been known or have existed without correct recognition prior to the advent of the modern industrial era, such as the soot cancer of the chimney sweeps and the cancer of the lung

  • f the cobalt and uranium miners in

Schneeberg and Joachimsthal, the great majority of occupational cancers appeared after the start of the present industrial development and as a result of it….” Cont’: “… Whenever the managers of new plants and their medical advisers have neglected to profit, in the construction and operation of their establishments, from the adverse experiences previously had by other manufacturers in the same fields, there has appeared some ten to fifteen years later a renewed, acute and sometimes epidemic-like occurrence of

  • ccupational cancers in these industries. ….”

Bonus question:

This text was published in

  • A. A special issue of Environmental Health

Perspectives to celebrate the 10th Earth Day

  • B. A New Yorker exposé in the 1960s
  • C. JAMA, shortly after the end of WWII
  • D. The New England Journal of Medicine, in

the last 10 years

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SLIDE 15

Wilhelm Heuper, “Industrial Management and Occupational Cancer” JAMA,1946

Summary Points

  • Work-related trauma injury has contributed to

broader knowledge of pathophysiology

  • Work-related toxic exposures have also

provided sentinel information

  • The role of occupation in these events can be

widely misunderstood – be a detective!

Three Test Questions

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SLIDE 16
  • 1. Which of the Following is Correct:
  • A. Color blindness was discovered after it led to a

major railroad accident.

  • B. The most famous “pithing” case was work-

related.

  • C. Mustard gas bone marrow toxicity was first

noted in WW2

  • D. Spinal cord hemisection was noted in scything
  • 2. Which of the Following is Incorrect:
  • A. Percival Pott recognized that not only chimney

sweeps developed cancer of the scrotum.

  • B. A disease that turned out to be lung cancer

was reported in miners 5 years before Pott called attention to chimney sweep’s cancer.

  • C. Very soon after radon was discovered, its link

to lung cancer in miners was widely accepted.

  • D. Animal models sometimes precede strong

human data for work-related cancer.

  • 3. A Good Occupational Health Detective

Should Do All of the Following Except:

  • A. Rely on Wikipedia for confirmation of key facts.
  • B. Explore the history of occupational pathologies

in order to better understand the present.

  • C. Check what reference citations actually say,

not accept what they are cited as saying.

  • D. Question purported historical “facts” that lack

sufficient documentation.