NEW RADIATION LEGISLATION M M TREVOR RADIATION Aims to: Produce - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
NEW RADIATION LEGISLATION M M TREVOR RADIATION Aims to: Produce a working definition for the term Radiation Consider what types of radiation are present in the workplace Look at risk assessment of artificial optical radiation and
Aims to:
term Radiation
present in the workplace
radiation
draft IRR 2018
Tasks set in audience’s PowerPoint
you think we need to consider.
please give its method of energy transfer.
potential energy transfer to be radiation.
Radiation – the transfer of energy from a source This is far too simple a definition we need to consider:
Radiation radiates:
Energy
a candle (light)
source to another point usually as a wave
– Note for heat we consider radiation transfer not conduction or convection
Energy
unstable nucleus
particles (alpha and beta) and un- charged particles (neutrons)
ionize an atom
Energy transfer
straight lines – rectilinear propagation
by an external factor
– For example alpha particles are quickly acted upon by the earths gravitational field – this would not happen in outer space
Potential Energy
– Potential energy being the energy of a body as a result of its position
gravitational potential energy
– Force is a method to transfer energy – Energy is transferred to the object which the force is acted upon [gives motion KE]
Concept of a Field
surrounding the ‘body’ where other ‘bodies’ will feel a force due to it’s presence
– Movement in a field changes the potential energy of a body – So energy has been transferred
Field lines
– We can try to model the field using field lines or lines of force – Gives the direction another body will move under the influence of the force – Field lines have three possible arrangements (as seen with gravitational, electric and magnetic fields)
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/isq.html
We do not have magnetic dipoles however the strength of the force does
Definition: Radiation is the transfer of energy (including potential energy) from a (point) source outward such that it obeys the inverse square law (until an interaction takes place), where the energy is transferred as a wave, a particle or the repositioning of a ‘body’ within a field
–When energy is radiated from the source, energy is transferred from the source to another point
– Radio waves – Micro waves – Visible radiation 2010 – Ionizing radiation draft for 2018
International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection. An independent organization, providing scientific advice and guidance on the health and environmental effects of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) to protect people and the environment from detrimental NIR
the body for the different frequencies at
http://www.icnirp.org/
Light is an everyday example of optical radiation (artificial optical radiation, if it is emitted by a lamp and not the sun).
because light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, and because it has effects on the eye — i.e. it enters the eye, is focused and then detected.
Task set in audience’s PowerPoint
disposition to the eye.
Consider a 10 W laser (mid-day sun is 10 W cm-2) The beam is 1 mm in diameter With a power disposition of 1000 W cm-2 This is sufficient to ignite paper or cause skin burns If the beam enters the eye it will be focused by the lens to give a power disposition 100 000 times greater or 108 W cm-2 Even if the laser operates at 900 nm (beyond the visible range) it still penetrates the eye and can cause damage.
Heat – black body radiation
an electromagnetic wave
T emperature in K Colour emitted
1,000 Red 1,500 Reddish orange 2,000 Yellowish
2,800 Yellow 3,500 Yellowish white 4,500 Warm white 5,500 White
Some of the invisible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are included in the term ‘optical radiation’. These are the ultraviolet and infrared spectral regions. Although they cannot be seen (the retina doesn’t have detectors for these wavelengths) portions of these spectral regions can penetrate the eye, to a greater or lesser degree.
than green light
Exposure limits exist for the spectral region 180 nm to 3,000 nm for non- coherent optical radiation and from 180 nm to 1 mm for laser radiation.
Unit of measure
per unit area upon a surface expressed in watts per square metre (W m-2 )
expressed in watts per square metre per steradian ( W m-2 sr-1)
the irradiance, expressed in joules per square metre (J m-2)
You can access the free download of the Non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 2006/25/EC from the following:
http://www.uni- heidelberg.de/md/zentral/universitaet/beschaeftigte/service/s icherheit/leitfaden_eu_optische_strahlung_engl.pdf
page 27
As required by our membership of the EU the British Government produced new legislation on Artificial Optical Radiation (AOR).
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1140/pdfs/uksi_ 20101140_en.pdf
To assist employers in implementing this new legislation the government has produced a useful guide at the web site below:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/radiation/nonionising/optical.htm
Hazard Whenever electromagnetic radiation interacts with a material, it is likely to deposit some energy at the point of interaction (possible damage mechanism).
(requires health surveillance of workers)
The most serious long-term effect of UV radiation is the induction of skin cancer. The non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell. Malignant melanoma is the main cause of skin cancer death, although its incidence is less than NMSC.
Where should you be? As an employer with only safe sources
workplace (see list in guide page three)
safe sources
– Have a list of workers that have issues with AOR (migraine sufferers)
As an employer with normally safe sources that could be inappropriately used
workplace
your employees safe
– Let your employees know what actions they need to take to keep the sources safe when in use
For one from the following list indicate what instructions you would give to keep your employee safe.
Inappropriately used (placed close to eye) safe sources can cause harm.
diffusers or filters
entertainment lights
EN 62471: 2008] and class 1M, 2 or 2M lasers
As an employer with hazardous sources
workplace
needed to keep your employees safe
– see next set of slides
(Take action if employees are exposed to AOR in excess of the exposure limits)
H T T P : / / W W W . H S E . G O V . U K / R A D I A T I O N / N O N I O N I S I N G / O P T I C A L . H T M
Hazardous light source (see Table 1)
cutting
sterilisation systems
and UV therapies, Intense Pulsed Light sources (IPLs)
4 lasers (laser safety advisor)
example search lights, professional projections systems
General control measures to consider
same result
interlocks, clamping of work pieces, dedicated rooms, remote controls and time delays
information
restrict access to hazardous areas
goggles or face shields.
Risk Assessment
exposure - follow the following standards or recommendations where they apply; or follow national or international science- based guidelines
(a) for laser radiation, the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); or (b) for non-coherent radiation, the standards of the IEC and the recommendations of the International Commission for Illumination (CIE) and the European Committee for Standards (CEN).
You need to record
exposure limit values)
employees whose health is at particular risk from exposure
resulting from interactions between AOR and photosensitising chemical substances
reduce levels of exposure
including where possible published information
the relevant IEC standard that is in use by the employer and any artificial optical radiation source that is capable of presenting the same level of hazard
in accordance with the relevant European Union Directives.
Note: The information presented is obtained from the government archive of the Health Protection Agency site. This archive was created 01-04-2014 and its maintenance cannot be guaranteed. (32 slides)
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140714084352/http:// www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/Radiation/UnderstandingRadiation/AtAGla nce/Flash_ElectricAndMagneticFields/
Electric fields are generated where a voltage exists but current does not necessarily flow Even when an appliance is unplugged or switched off the field exists around the ring main
Magnetic fields are created only when the electric current flows Magnetic field at 90o to electric field
Units Electric field in volts per metre (V m-1) or in kilovolts per metre (kV m-1) Magnetic field in tesla (T) or its subdivisions (mT, µT and nT)
Field strength at 50 cm from appliance Microwave oven 1.7 µT Washing machine 1.0 µT Vacuum cleaner 0.8 µT Dish washer 0.8 µT Food mixer 0.7 µT Hair dryer 0.12 µT
You can access the free download of the Non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 2013/35/EC for SMEs from the following:
https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/- /publication/c5fb1d53-8775-11e5-b8b7- 01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-47229864
risk with and without active implants are given on pages (14 to 17)
As required by our membership of the EU the British Government produced new legislation on EMF
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1140/pdfs/uksi_ 20101140_en.pdf
To assist employers in implementing this new legislation the government has produced a useful guide at the web site below:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/radiation/nonionising/optical.htm
Questions set in audience’s PowerPoint
cancer?
cumulative?
Hazard Note this legislation does not cover suggested long-term health effects.
Direct effects are separated into:
nerves, muscles and sensory organs
See pages (5 to 7) HSE CEMFAW guide
All these effects show a threshold below which there is no risk, and exposures below the threshold are not cumulative in any way. The effects caused by exposure are transient being limited to the duration
Indirect effects
Where the presence of an object may become the cause of a safety or health hazard
Employees working close to equipment
voltages may be in regions of strong electromagnetic fields. This is also likely to be the case for equipment designed to deliberately transmit electromagnetic radiation at high power. These strong fields may exceed the ALs or ELVs
Industrial sources of EMF which may exceed the ELVs and/or the indirect- effect ALs
Light industry – Heating (Dielectric, Induction & Microwave), welding (Resistance, Manual & Steam), magnetic particle inspection, Industrial magnetiser and demagnetisers, RF plasma devices including vacuum deposition and sputtering Heavy industry - Industrial electrolysis, Furnaces, arc and induction melting (Microwave drying in the construction industry) Transport - Electrically-powered trains and trams, Radar (air traffic control & weather)
Exemption
Regulations allow the sensory-effect ELVs to be exceeded when certain safety conditions are met.
and maintenance of, or research related to,
MRI equipment for patients in the health sector, where:
– the exposure of employees above the ELV is at the lowest level reasonably practicable – employees are protected against the health effects and safety risks arising from their exposure to EMFs
Where should you be? As an employer with only safe sources
workplace (see list in guide pages (9-10))
safe sources
– Have a list of workers that have issues with EMF (see next slide)
Tasks set in audience’s PowerPoint
body-worn devices.
Workforce employees at particular risk:
implanted medical devices (AIMDs and PIMDs ), or body-worn medical devices (BWMDs)
to electro-explosive devices, explosive materials or flammable atmospheres
As an employer with hazardous sources
exposure is below a set of ELVs.
If the AL is not exceeded, exposure cannot exceed the corresponding ELV. If the AL is exceeded it is still possible, and it is often the case, that the corresponding ELV will not be exceeded.
action plan to ensure compliance with the exposure limits.
employees’ exposure and eliminate or minimise those risks.
You must make sure you take employees at particular risk into account.
particular risks (if any) posed to employees and details of any action you are taking to remove or control them.
in excess of the ELVs
examination, as appropriate.
(You should follow the “general control measures to consider” as with AOR)
after the Big Bang temperature 109 K and one month after temperature 107 K
Propose to transpose the BSSD on 1st January 2018 five weeks before the transposition deadline.
IRR 1999 - exposure to ionising radiation is calculated and assessed on a calendar year basis.
Dose Limit for exposure to the lens of the eye
20 mSv in a year
to lens of the eye: Dutyholders can make use of this flexibility but this will be subject to conditions specified by HSE.
Graded Approach
notification, registration, and licensing and the higher the radiation protection risk associated with the work, the greater the requirements.
have in place a positive system of authorisation whereby they grant permission to dutyholders for higher risk activities through registration and
and running by now. You need to contact your RPA.
licensing requirements to a small number of further practices where the risks are considered to be the same, if not higher, than those the Directive requires to be licensed.
site radiography. Restrictions could be placed on site radiography practices within specific conditions in any licence documentation issued
Other new key requirements
weighting factors for dosimetry.
not less than 30 years retention after the last day of work.
events: HSE have interpreted ‘significant event’ as an event which results in an accident. HSE propose to link this to the IRR requirement for contingency plans.
workers in the regulations to be amended to include all those who work with radiation to ensure outside workers are afforded the same protection as those workers employed by the employer responsible for the work.
required that estimate the does to members of the public. Although environmental regulations cover most practices, IRR will be amended to cover those that do not.
requirement for a registered medical practitioner to be appointed ‘in writing’ for the purposes of these Regulations.
in special cases: HSE will authorise the application of an effective dose limit of 100 mSv
single year) rather than dutyholders only giving prior notification.
recognition of the ability of dosimetry services to perform certain dosimetry functions by the competent authority. HSE is to adopt the BSSD terminology of “recognition” in place of “approval” as part of revising the current dosimetry service regime.
expressed the reference level on an annual
requirement is equivalent to the annual average in BSSD. HSE will therefore adopt the value in the BSSD.