Neuroscience 2003 Functional Brain Imaging Joy Hirsch, Ph.D., - - PDF document

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Neuroscience 2003 Functional Brain Imaging Joy Hirsch, Ph.D., Professor Director, fMRI Research Center Columbia University Health Sciences NI Basement www.fmri.org Columbia fMRI Hirsch, J., et al A Brief Outline A. Hypothesis of functional

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Page 1 Joy Hirsch, Ph.D., Professor Director, fMRI Research Center Columbia University Health Sciences NI Basement

www.fmri.org

Neuroscience 2003 Functional Brain Imaging

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • A. Hypothesis of functional specificity

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques
  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
  • 4. Positron Emission Tomography, PET
  • 5. Magnetoencephalography, MEG
  • 6. Electroencephalography, EEG
  • C. Integration of Brain Mapping Techniques

A Brief Outline

  • A. Hypothesis of functional specificity

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Specializations of single brain areas
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Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

Primary Visual Cortex Flashing LED Display 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 5

Calcarine Sulcus

Previous Surgical lesion

BINOCULAR FLASHING LIGHTS Left Eye Right Eye

Visual Field

Harrington, 1964

lesion R

Hirsch, J., et al

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HISTORICAL MILESTONES

1841

Aphasia and lesions in GFi

BROCA

1874

WERNICKE

Aphasia and lesions in GTs

1890

ROY & SHERRINGTON

Relationship between neural activity and vascular changes

1909

BRODMANN

Cytoarchitectonic regions of cortex

1950

PENFIELD

Intraoperative cortical maps

1845

FARADAY

Magnetic properties

  • f blood

1936

PAULING

Magnetic state of hemoglobin changes with oxygenation

RABI

Discovery of Magnetic Resonance

1945

PURCELL BLOCK

Demonstrated NMR in condensed matter

1971

HOUNSFIELD CORMACK

Invention of Computed Tomography

Hirsch, J., et al

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Damasio, H., et al; Science 264: 1102-1105, 20 May 1994

Hirsch, J., et al

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HISTORICAL MILESTONES

1977 TER-POGOSSIAN SOKOLOFF

First PET studies of brain metabolism, blood flow, and correlates of human behavior

MANSFIELD 1976

First MRI of a body part Invented EPI (scans whole brain in secs.)

1972 LAUTERBUR

First MR image

OGAWA

Blood Oxygen dependent signal EPI / MRI Behavior

BELLIVEAU

Cortical Map: human visual system

1990 1992

fMRI

1971 DAMADIAN

Discovered that biological tissues have different relaxation rates

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • A. Hypothesis of functional specificity

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Specializations of single brain areas
  • 2. Specializations of multiple brain areas
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Functional Organization of Visual Cortex

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI

Sadek K. Hilal, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiology Columbia University

Early Developments in MR Solved the Occluded-Structure Problem

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

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R L

Hirsch, J., et al

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2 minutes 24 seconds 2 minutes 24 seconds

  • 40 s - - 40 s -
  • 40 s -
  • 40 s - - 40 s -
  • 40 s -

TIME MRI Signal Intensity

REST REST REST REST TASK TASK

R L

From Hirsch, J., et al; An Integrated Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Procedure for Preoperative Mapping of Cortical Areas Associated with Tactile, Motor, Language, and Visual Functions, Neurosurgery 47: 711-722, 2000.

Current Developments in MR are focused

  • n the structure/function problem

Left Hand - Touch

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • a. Source of signal
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PHYSIOLOGY PHYSICS

NEURAL ACTIVATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN BLOOD FLOW O2 EXTRACTION IS RELATIVELY UNCHANGED RESULT: REDUCTION IN THE PROPORTION OF DEOXY HGB IN THE LOCAL VASCULATURE DEOXY HGB IS PARAMAGNETIC AND DISTORTS THE LOCAL MAGNETIC FIELD CAUSING SIGNAL LOSS RESULT: LESS DISTORTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD RESULTS IN LOCAL SIGNAL INCREASE

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • a. Source of signal
  • b. Measuremnet techniques

Imaging While Naming Objects

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

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Block Design

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

Event-Related Design

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • a. Source of signal
  • b. Measuremnet techniques
  • c. Computation for analysis

COMPUTATIONS FOR fUNCTIONAL IMAGE PROCESSING

RECONSTRUCTION ALIGNMENT VOXEL BY VOXEL ANALYSIS GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION Scanner Functional Brain Map

Primary Auditory Cortex Language

Hirsch, J., et al

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Penfield’s Motor Homonculus

Left Hand: Finger Thumb Tapping

MULTI-STAGE ANALYSIS WITH COINCIDENCE

Run 1 (90 secs) Run 2 (90 secs)

Stage 1 Stage 2 1 and 2 COINCIDENCE Run 1 AND Run 2

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

R Kim, Relkin, Lee, & Hirsch

+ +

+ +

“LATE” BILINGUAL (Separate Language Areas)

Native (English) Second (French) + Center-of-Mass from Nature 388, 171-174 (1997)

Broca’s Area

R

+ +

+ + Native 1 (Turkish) Native 2 (English) Common Region + Center-of-Mass

“EARLY” BILINGUAL (Overlapping Language Areas)

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • a. Source of signal
  • b. Measuremnet techniques
  • c. Computation for analysis
  • d. Individual brain maps
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Before Surgery

R Tumor

Conventional Imaging Functional Imaging

CC 23 (AB)

Left Hand: Sensory/Motor Tumor

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI R Tumor

Conventional Imaging

CC 23 (AB) Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

Left Hand Movement

Before Surgery After Surgery

R Tumor

Conventional Imaging Functional Imaging

CC 23 (AB)

Left Hand: Sensory/Motor Tumor

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

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SENSORY

Touch

MOTOR

Finger Thumb Tapping (active)

Standard Brain Mapping Tasks

Picture Naming Listening to Words (passive)

GPoC GPrC GOi GTs LANGUAGE GFi GTT

(active) (passive)

From Hirsch, J., et al; Neurosurgery 47: 711-722, 2000

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

Functional Organization of Visual Cortex

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture.

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
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SSEP - SomatoSensory Evoked Potentials Cortical Stimulation

Conventional functional mapping in the OR

Based on Electrical Activity

  • f Neurons Induced by

External Stimulation

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

Tag 3 Tag 5

Localization fMRI SSEP

“Twitching in 1st three digits” “Twitching of hand, focal seizure involving arm ”

Direct Cortical Stimulation

Craniotomy

Sensory Motor Mapping

From Hirsch, J., et al; An Integrated Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Procedure for Preoperative Mapping of Cortical Areas Associated with Tactile, Motor, Language, and Visual Functions, Neurosurgery 47: 711-722, 2000. Tag 3 Tag 5

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

Homonculus

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Language Mapping

From Hirsch, J., et al; An Integrated Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Procedure for Preoperative Mapping of Cortical Areas Associated with Tactile, Motor, Language, and Visual Functions, Neurosurgery 47: 711-722, 2000.

fMRI Intraoperative Stimulation Response

Speech Arrest During Counting Broca’s Area Literal paraphasic speech error during picture naming Wernicke’s Area

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

1.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI

  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
  • 4. Positron Emission Tomography, PET
  • a. Source of signal

Positron Emission Tomography

Radionuclides that emit positrons such as 15O and 18F are introduced into the brain. H2

15O behaves like H2 16O and

indicates blood flow (rCBF) (half life = 123 seconds) integration time ≈ 60 seconds.

18F – deoxyglucose behaves like

deoxyglucose and indicates metabolic activity (half-life = 110 minutes) integration time ≈ 20 minutes

From: www.epub.org.br/cm/n011pet/pet.htm

PET SCANNER

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

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Principle of PET

From: Principles of Neural Science (4th. Ed.) Kandel, Schwartz, & Jessell, p. 377.

A2 Positron and electron annihilation and emission of gamma rays PET is based on the radioactive decay of positrons from the nucleus

  • f the unstable atoms (15O has 8

protons and 7 neutrons)

resolution limit

Electron Positron Unstable radionuclide 0-9mm Gamma ray Site of positron annihilation (imaged point) Gamma ray photon A1 Positron emission in the brain

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

1.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI

  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
  • 4. Positron Emission Tomography, PET
  • a. Source of signal
  • b. Measurement techniques

Gamma Ray Detections to Location of Function

From: Principles of Neural Science (4th. Ed.) Kandel,Schwartz, & Jessell, p. 377.

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

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Page 14 Injection of radioactive-labeled water for PET scanning

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

1.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI

  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
  • 4. Positron Emission Tomography, PET
  • a. Source of signal
  • b. Measurement techniques
  • c. Computation for analysis

From: Images of Mind by Posner, M. and Raichle, M. Scientific American Library, 1994, p. 24

Fixation Flashing Checkerboard

Stimulation Fixation Difference Individual difference images Mean difference image

Analysis of PET Results

Hirsch, J., et al

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  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
  • 4. Positron Emission Tomography, PET
  • 5. Magnetoencephalography, MEG
  • 6. Electroencephalography, EEG

MEG: MagnetoEncephaloGraphy EEG: ElectroEncephaloGraphy

Measurement of Electromagnetic Activity Provides Information of temporal interactions

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
  • 4. Positron Emission Tomography, PET
  • 5. Magnetoencephalography, MEG
  • a. Source of signal
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Page 16 Relationship between currents in the brain and the magnetic field outside the head.

Based on the discovery that electrical currents generate magnetic fields: Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish physicist (early

  • 19th. century)

A current source with strength Q causes a current flow Jv within the brain. The current flow produces a potential difference V on the scalp: (measured by EEG) And a magnetic field B

  • utside of the head:

(measured by MEG)

from: www.Aston.ac.uk/psychology/ meg/meg/intro/magfield.htm

B Jv

Q

V

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
  • 4. Positron Emission Tomography, PET
  • 5. Magnetoencephalography, MEG
  • a. Source of signal
  • b. Measurement techniques

Magnetoencephalography, MEG

Tiny magnetic fields produced by brain activity (10-13 Teslas) can be measured using Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). SQUIDS operate at superconducting temperatures (-269oC). Sensors are placed in a dewar containing liquid helium. Stimulus – evoked neuromagnetic signals are recorded by an array of detectors. The spatial location of the source is inferred by mathematical modeling of the magnetic field pattern.

Hirsch, J., et al

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  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
  • 4. Positron Emission Tomography, PET
  • 5. Magnetoencephalography, MEG
  • a. Source of signal
  • b. Measurement techniques
  • c. Computation for analysis

Somatosensory evoked magnetic signals in response to tactile stimulation of the contralateral index finger Isofield contour maps at the time of maximal response (50 msec) to the tactile stimulation

Neuro magnetic response

  • ccurs about 50 msec after

the stimulation. The field pattern is dipolar with clearly defined regions

  • f entering (solid lines) and

emerging (dashed lines) magnetic flux.

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
  • 4. Positron Emission Tomography, PET
  • 5. Magnetoencephalography, MEG
  • 6. Electroencephalography, EEG
  • a. Source of signal
  • b. Measurement techniques
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Electroencephalography

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • B. Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI
  • 2. Somatasensory Evoked Potential, SSEP
  • 3. Direct Cortical Stimulation
  • 4. Positron Emission Tomography, PET
  • 5. Magnetoencephalography, MEG
  • 6. Electroencephalography, EEG
  • a. Source of signal
  • b. Measurement techniques
  • c. Computation for analysis

Averaged Activity profiles during bilateral finger movement Electrode Array for EEG

Electroencephalography

Hirsch, J., et al

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Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Task of specificity and conjunctions
  • C. Integration of Brain Mapping Techniques

CONJUNCTION OF BOLD RESPONSES DURING OBJECT NAMING TASKS

VISUAL AUDITORY TACTILE

COMMON AREAS

  • R. Inferior Frontal G

BA (45)

  • L. Cingulate G

BA (24)

  • L. Inferior Frontal G

BA (44)

  • L. Medial Frontal G

BA (6)

  • L. Middle Frontal G

BA (6)

  • L. Inferior Frontal G

BA (45)

R

Hirsch, R-Moreno, Kim, Interconnected large-scale systems for three fundamental cognitive tasks revealed by functional MRI. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(3), 389-405, 2001. Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Task of specificity and conjunctions
  • 2. Labels of functional areas
  • C. Integration of Brain Mapping Techniques
  • a. Atlas-Based
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Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Task of specificity and conjunctions
  • 2. Labels of functional areas
  • C. Integration of Brain Mapping Techniques
  • a. Atlas-Based
  • b. Registration methods

Labeling of Active Brain Areas

Functional Brain Atlas Brain

transfer activity labels

GPrC 4 GFs 6 GFd 6 GFs 6 GRC 4 LPs 7 c,E b,E a,E,60,-a b,E,60 c,E,60 b,G,60 Name BA Sector

Hirsch, J., et al

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Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Task of specificity and conjunctions
  • 2. Labels of functional areas
  • 3. Connectivity computations
  • C. Integration of Brain Mapping Techniques

Hirsch, R-Moreno, Kim, Interconnected large-scale systems for three fundamental cognitive tasks revealed by functional MRI. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(3), 389-405, 2001.

Map of Human Language System

Medial Frontal Gyrus Superior Temporal Gyrus Inferior Frontal Gyrus Inferior Frontal Gyrus 6 22 44 45 9 57 49 40

  • 6
  • 26

10 25 53 9 25 8 Anatomical Region BA z y x Center of mass

Hirsch, J., et al

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Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture.

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Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI

  • 1. Task of specificity and conjunctions
  • 2. Labels of functional areas
  • 3. Connectivity computation
  • 4. Models of long-range connectivity
  • C. Integration of Brain Mapping Techniques

Lateral Pain System Medial Pain System

M1

Medial Thalamus Lateral Thalamus Hypothalamus AMYG PB PAG

Brain Areas Modified by Treatment of Pain

‘After-Sensation’ Related Areas

Based on Vogt and Sikes, 2000

M CG PF

Hirsch, J., et al

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Cognitive Events are caused by Neural Events The Astonishing Hypothesis

Hirsch, J., et al

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Mission

To establish a collaborative and multi-investigator neuroimaging research environment focused on education, medical applications, and the study of brain, behavior, and therapy-induced cortical effects aimed at the systems of the brain that underlie cognition, perception, and action.

Columbia fMRI

Functional MRI Research Center

Department of Radiology Center for Neurobiology and Behavior Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

Hirsch, J., et al

Columbia fMRI