Neoplasia I: Tumor Nomenclature Tumor Nomenclature Lecture - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Neoplasia I: Tumor Nomenclature Tumor Nomenclature Lecture - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

May 20, 2023 264 likes •705 views

Neoplasia I: Tumor Nomenclature Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Objectives Define neoplasia, and explain what makes a neoplastic cell different from a non-neoplastic cell. List several characteristics of benign and malignant tumors.

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Neoplasia I: Tumor Nomenclature

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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Objectives

  • Define neoplasia, and explain what makes a neoplastic cell

different from a non-neoplastic cell.

  • List several characteristics of benign and malignant tumors.
  • Describe the one feature that can always be used to tell

apart benign and malignant tumors.

  • Explain how benign tumors are named.
  • Explain how malignant tumors are named.
  • List some malignant tumors that sound benign, and define

hamartoma and choristoma.

  • Memorize (sorry!) the tumor names in the chart at the end
  • f this lecture.
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  • To understand patients better
  • To understand oral neoplasms better
  • To nail the neoplasia questions on boards
  • This lecture covers:
  • the nature of benign and malignant neoplasms
  • how neoplasms start and grow
  • Later lectures will cover:
  • the nature of specific neoplasms
  • how these neoplasms affect the patient

Why do we need a lecture about neoplasia?

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Neoplasia Outline

  • I. Tumor nomenclature
  • II. Tumor characteristics
  • III. Epidemiology
  • IV. Genetic factors
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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline

  • Definitions
  • Benign tumors
  • Malignant tumors
  • Mixed tumors
  • Confusing terms
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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline

  • Definitions
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Neoplasm = new (neo-) growth (-plasm)

  • Excessive, autonomous cell growth
  • Caused by genetic mutations
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  • Small
  • Slow-growing
  • Non-invasive
  • Well-differentiated
  • Stay localized
  • Large
  • Fast-growing
  • Invasive
  • Poorly-differentiated
  • Metastasize

Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors

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Cancer = Latin for “crab”

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The only indisputable quality of malignancy is Benign tumors CANNOT metastasize; malignant tumors CAN.

metastasis!

If it is metastatic, it MUST BE malignant.

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Benign vs. Malignant

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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline

  • Definitions
  • Benign Tumors
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  • Dr. Rosenpenis

“He has melanoma…carcinoma …some kind of noma.”

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Benign Tumors

Usually designated by adding “-oma” to cell type

  • adenoma: benign tumor of glandular cells
  • leiomyoma: benign tumor of smooth muscle cells
  • chondroma: benign tumor of chondrocytes

Other benign tumor names

  • papilloma: has finger-like projections
  • polyp: projects upward, forming a lump
  • cystadenoma: has hollow spaces (cysts) inside
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Thyroid adenoma

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Thyroid adenoma

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Thyroid adenoma Normal thyroid tissue

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Leiomyoma

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Chondroma

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Papilloma

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Polyp

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Cystadenoma

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Cystadenoma

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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline

  • Definitions
  • Benign tumors
  • Malignant tumors
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Malignant Tumors

Carcinomas arise in epithelial tissue

  • adenocarcinoma: malignant tumor of glandular cells
  • squamous cell carcinoma: malignant tumor of

squamous cells Sarcomas arise in mesenchymal tissue

  • chondrosarcoma: malignant tumor of chondrocytes
  • angiosarcoma: malignant tumor of blood vessels
  • rhabdomyosarcoma: malignant tumor of skeletal

muscle cells

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Adenocarcinoma

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Squamous cell carcinoma

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Chondrosarcoma

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Angiosarcoma

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Rhabdomyosarcoma

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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline

  • Definitions
  • Benign tumors
  • Malignant tumors
  • Mixed tumors
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Mixed Tumors

  • pleomorphic adenoma: glands + fibromyxoid stroma
  • fibroadenoma: glands + fibrous tissue

Mixed tumors contain two or more different types of cells.

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Pleomorphic adenoma

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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline

  • Definitions
  • Benign tumors
  • Malignant tumors
  • Mixed tumors
  • Confusing terms
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Confusing Terms

Malignant tumors that sound benign

  • lymphoma
  • mesothelioma
  • melanoma
  • seminoma

Non-tumors that sound like tumors

  • hamartoma: mass of disorganized indigenous tissue
  • choristoma: heterotopic rest of cells

Names that seem to come out of nowhere

  • nevus
  • leukemia
  • hydatidiform mole
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Neoplasm Benign Malignant Carcinoma Sarcoma

Summary

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Neoplasm Benign Malignant Carcinoma Sarcoma adenoma angioma rhabdomyoma

Summary

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Neoplasm Benign Malignant Carcinoma Sarcoma squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma

Nomenclature

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Neoplasm Benign Malignant Carcinoma Sarcoma angiosarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma

Nomenclature

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Tissue of origin Benign Malignant Fibrous tissue Fibroma Fibrosarcoma Fat Lipoma Liposarcoma Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma Bone Osteoma Osteogenic sarcoma Blood vessels Hemangioma Angiosarcoma Mesothelium Mesothelioma Hematopoietic cells Leukemia Lymphoid cells Lymphoma Squamous epithelium Squamous cell papilloma Squamous cell carcinoma Glandular epithelium Adenoma Adenocarcinoma Papilloma Papillary adenocarcinoma Cystadenoma Cystadenocarcinoma Smooth muscle Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Melanocytes Nevus Melanoma

Know these tumor names!

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Sample board question

Which of the following describes a benign tumor arising from skeletal muscle?

  • A. Leiomyoma
  • B. Papilloma
  • C. Rhabdomyoma
  • D. Leiomyosarcoma
  • E. Rhabdomyosarcoma