Mycotoxins Mycotoxins Mykes: Greek for fungus/mold T oxicum: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mycotoxins Mycotoxins

 Mykes: Greek for fungus/mold  T

• xicum: Latin for poison/toxin

Mycotoxins Summary Mycotoxins Summary

 Many molds involved in mycotoxin production  Regulatory guidelines in place for animal feeding  Vigilance required to detect and control mycotoxins  Toxic effects demonstrated at very low concentrations

 Ergotism (Saint Anthony’s Fire) in

the Middle Ages

 Alimentary Toxic Aleukia in Russia

during World War 2 (T-2) -wheat stored over winter

 “Turkey X” Syndrome in England

in 1960 (aflatoxin)

 Kenyan aflatoxin Poisoning 2004  Dog food aflatoxin outbreak 2006

History Of History Of Mycotoxins Mycotoxins

Mycotoxins of Economic, Health & Mycotoxins of Economic, Health & Agricultural Agricultural S Significance ignificance

 Mycotoxins are metabolic products of food

spoilage fungi that induce toxic responses when consumed by animals or people.

 Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified;

They will fall into many different chemical classes, and induce a wide variety of toxic responses.

Worldwide Regulation of Mycotoxins Worldwide Regulation of Mycotoxins

Mycotoxin Number of countries

 Total Aflatoxin

76

 Aflatoxin B1

61

 Aflatoxin M1

60

 Patulin

48

 Ochratoxin A

37

 Deoxynivalenol

37

 Zearalenone

17

 Fumonisin

6

Most Common Most Common Mycotoxins Mycotoxins regulated regulated in Human Foods Worldwide in Human Foods Worldwide

Mycotoxin R Mycotoxin Regulations egulations

For example: Mycotoxin regulations for dairy cattle feed can be different than the regulation for beef cattle feed. Pet food regulations are not specified in many countries.

For animal feeds can vary depending For animal feeds can vary depending

• n the
• n the type of animal.

type of animal.

For

• r animal feeds can vary depending on

animal feeds can vary depending on the type of the type of feed material feed material.

 For example: Mycotoxin regulations for

maize by-products used in animal feed can be different than the regulation for cereals used in animal feed. Mycotoxin Regulations Mycotoxin Regulations

Figure 6.1. Factors affecting mycotoxin occurrence in the food chain (Pestka and Casale, 1989).

Mycotoxin Economic Mycotoxin Economic and Health Risks and Health Risks

Biological Factors

Susceptible Crop + Compatible, T

• xigenic Fungus

Environmental Factors

T emperature Moisture Mechanical Injury Insect/Bird Damage Fungus

Harvesting

Crop Maturity T emperature Moisture Detection

Storage

T emperature Moisture Detection

Distribution-Processing

Detection/Diversion Animal Products

Humans Animals

Ecological Parameters Affecting Mycotoxin Production

 Moisture  Spore Load  Temperature  Competing Microflora  CO2/O2  Time  Mechanical Damage  Insect Damage

Adverse Economic Effects of Mycotoxins on Farmer/Trader Farmer/Trader Costs

 LIVESTOCK

(beef, swine, poultry) and dairy

—Higher mortality rates —Reproductive failures (abortions) —Reduced feed efficiency —Overall quality loss —Lower milk production —Nonmarketable milk

 CROPS

—Yield Losses —Restricted Markets —Increased production costs —Increased post harvest costs

EFFECTS OF AFLATOXINS EFFECTS OF AFLATOXINS

HUMAN/ LIVESTOCK HUMAN/ LIVESTOCK Figure 2.2 Livers from guinea pigs

 They have been given

increasing doses of aflatoxins over the same period of time.

 From left to right

beginning in the upper left corner to the lower right corner with a liver from a guinea pig given the greatest dose of aflatoxins.

 Note the increasingly pale

livers with increasing dose

• f aflatoxins.

EFFECTS….CONTINUED EFFECTS….CONTINUED.

 On growth of turkey

• poults. The turkey poult
• n the left was given

normal ration, and the poult on the right was given a ration containing 10ppm of T-2 mycotoxin for three weeks.

Severe oral lesion in a

turkey poult that consumed a ration containing 10 ppm T-2 mycotoxin for 3 weeks.

EFFECTS EFFECTS OF OF AFLATOXINS AFLATOXINS CROPS CROPS

 Appears in field, storage

bin or during transport

 Aspergillus Growth on

Corn

 Mold contamination may

cause a reddish discoloration of the kernel/cob

What can be done to prevent mycotoxins?

 Pre-harvest field scouting & testing  Test incoming corn loads

—Continuously at start of harvest —Target troubled growing areas —Every load tested during stressed growing season

 Proper storage

—Consistent, low moisture —Aeration & Mixing

 Stored grain

—Routine checks —Testing prior to use in process

WHAT ARE THE BEST SOLUTIONS ? WHAT ARE THE BEST SOLUTIONS ?

 On-site testing

—Qualitative Screening

• Yes/No Result

—Quantitative Results

• Immunoassay (IA Column w/fluorometer, etc)
• Strip Test (Vertu DON-V™, Afla-V™)

 Independent Laboratory

—HPLC, UPLC —LC/MS/MS

1.

• 1. VICAM Fluorometer

VICAM Fluorometer

Extract Filter & Dilute Pour Over Column Rinse & Elute Fluorometer HPLC or UPLC LC/MS/MS

SERIES 4 SERIES 4-EX EX AflaT est Series-4EX Fluorometer, 220V includes Basic Equipment Package

2.

• 2. AccuScan

AccuScan Pro Pro

Next generation reader for lateral flow diagnostics

Consistency. Permanence. Simple PC interface. Intuitive operation. Dependability.

Procedure Procedure

Running Running a Test Using a Test Using AccuScan AccuScan Pro Pro

4 simple steps:  Click on the run test icon.  Select your test type  Enter your sample ID if necessary.  Insert your test strip.

MOISTURE TESTING MOISTURE TESTING (Destructive) (Destructive)

Model 2000 Model 6010

MOISTURE MOISTURE TESTING TESTING (Non (Non-destructive destructive)

GacMini Gac 2500

Major Seed Equipment Project Major Seed Equipment Project ACTESA ACTESA - COMESA COMESA

ACTESA: Alliance for Commodity Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa List of Countries for Certification and Multiplication Equipment Burundi Comoros Ethiopia Zambia Zimbabwe Djibouti Rwanda Uganda Mauritius Eritrea Southern Sudan Seychelles

Seed Certification Equipment Seed Certification Equipment

Seed Counters

Seed Dividers Dehumidifier Bag Probes and Seed Triers

Seed Multiplication Equipment Seed Multiplication Equipment

Seed Extracting Machine Seed Graders Seed Blower Seed Germinator

Paul Mungami

(Application Specialist/ Analytical Chemistry) Email : Paul.mungami@fnscientific.com Mobile: +254 714 920 052

www.fnscientific.com

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