Motorcycle Safety Measures in Japan Yuji Arai Senior Researcher - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

• 3rd. Asia Automobile Institute Summit

2-4 December 2014, Bangkok

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Motorcycle Safety Measures in Japan

Yuji Arai

Senior Researcher Safety Research Division Japan Automobile Research Institute

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Contents

• 1. Road Safety
• 2. Accident Database System
• 3. Motorcycle Accidents
• 4. Motorcycle Safety Measures
• 5. Conclusion

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• 1. Road Safety

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Three Factors for Road Safety

People Infrastructure Vehicles

 Active safety (ABS, etc.)  Passive safety （Airbags, etc.)

Safety technology Education

 Traffic rules  Practical training, etc.

Road environments

 Roads  Signals  Crosswalks, etc.

Safety measures in Japan are promoted based on analysis of road accidents from the standpoint of human factors, vehicle factors and road environments.

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• 2. Accident Database System

in Japan

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Accident Database in Japan

 Accident database − Macro DB

All the accidents resulting in injury or death which occur in Japan (0.7 million accidents per year)

− Micro DB

In-depth accident DB (300 accidents per year)

 Maintenance of databases

− The two kinds of databases are maintained by the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) established by the National Police Agency (NPA) and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). − ITARDA also conducts in-depth accident investigations.

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Macro DB in Japan

by National Police Agency by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

National accident data Drivers' license data Vehicle registration data Road traffic census data

Macro DB

Main investigation items:

 date and time of accident, day or night, weather

 location type (urban or not), road type, traffic lights, road width  detailed type of accident  age, gender, occupation  type of vehicle, seatbelt/helmet use  causes of accident, type of violation, drinking driving, speed of vehicles  level of injury, primarily injured body part, vehicle part inflicting injury

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National Accident Data Collection System

Local Police Station Local Police Headquarters National Police Agency (NPA) Accident call investigation

accident investigation information National accident data is managed by the NPA

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• 3. Motorcycle Accidents

in Japan

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1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Fatalities Year Car

Motorcycle

Bicycle Pedestrian Others

Fatalities by Road User Category (1965-2013)

Source: National Police Agency

Car 32.4%

Motorcycle 17.4%

Bicycle 13.7% Pedestrian 36.2% Others 0.3%

Fatalities in 2013 (Total: 4,373 persons)

1990s: Improvement of crash safety performance 1970s: Infrastructure development, Traffic safety education 1,415 persons 1,584 persons 600 persons 760 persons

 The number of fatalities of motorcycle accidents has been declining since 1990. In 2013, the number of fatalities involving motorcycles was half of that of pedestrians.

3rd AAI Summit, 2-4 Dec. 2014, Bangkok 11 200 400 600 800 1,000 2004 004 2005 005 2006 006 2007 007 2008 008 2009 009 2010 010 2011 011 2012 012 2013 013 Fatalities Year Whole body Head Neck Chest Abdomen Arms Legs Others

Body Regions Receiving Most Injuries (motorcycle riders)

Source: National Police Agency

Head Chest

 Many fatalities had injuries to the head and chest.  Fatalities due to head injuries have declined greatly.

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90 92 94 96 98 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 2004 004 2005 005 2006 006 2007 007 2008 008 2009 009 2010 010 2011 011 2012 012 2013 013 Helmet wearing rate in casualties (%) Fatalities due to head injuries Year 0.8 % 3.7 % 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Wearing helmet Not-wearing helmet Fatality rate (%)

Helmet Use and Injuries

Source: National Police Agency and ITARDA

 The helmet wearing rate in Japan is very high, and the rate has been increasing.  The fatality rate when not wearing a helmet is much higher than that of when wearing a helmet, which indicates the importance of wearing helmets.

Helmet wearing rate Fatalities due to head injuries Effect of wearing helmets (2013) Note: Fatality rate = deaths/casualties 98.7 % roughly 5 times

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• 4. Motorcycle Safety Measures

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Motorcycle Users

 Training to obtain a driver's license (driving school)  Re-educating during driver's license renewal

• learn traffic rules and driving skills
• awareness of social responsibility as a driver
• improvement of awareness of traffic safety and

driving manners of drivers

 Practical driving school

• improvement of driving skills
• participation is the rider's choice

 National Traffic Safety Campaigns

(held in the spring and fall of each year)

• improvement of awareness of traffic safety
• f the whole nation, including motorcycle

users.

Compulsory Riders' join freely

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Road Environments

Hook turns

Conditions of hook turns

• Vehicle type: motorcycles up to 0.05 L
• Intersection with a hook turn sign (not less than three lanes
• n each side)

hook turn sign hook turn

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Safety Equipment on Vehicles

Daytime running lamp Airbag

 Active safety  Passive safety

the only motorcycle model equipped with an airbag in Japan

An effective means to enhance the safety of all motorcycles has not been established yet.

Source: Honda Motor Co., Ltd Website

The standard equipment of the DRL was enforced in 1998.

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 Shock absorption test  Shell penetration test  Dynamic retention test  Positional stability (roll-off) test

Helmet (personal protective equipment)

Helmet types and structure

Half 1 Three quarters1 Open face Full face

Note1: with a label recommending use for motorcycles up to 0.125 L displacement not covering the ear area protection down to lower part of ear protection farther down than three quarters monolithic with chin protector

 Helmets for motorcycles  Standard for motorcycle helmets in Japan

JIS T8133 (2007)

(JIS: Japanese Industrial Standards)

(refers to UN Regulation No. 22)

(mark of motorcycle's helmet permission)

PSC mark

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1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Fatalities of motorcycle

• ccupants

Year

Road Traffic Act Related to Helmets

Motorcycles over 0.05 L

in engine displacement helmets used on roads over 40 km/h speed limit (enforcement of punishment of traffic

• ffense)

helmets used on all roads (enforcement of punishment of traffic

• ffense)

helmets used on roads

• ver 40 km/h speed limit

helmets used on all roads (enforcement of punishment

• f traffic offense)

Motorcycles up to 0.05 L

in engine displacement

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Body Protector (personal protective equipment)

Body protector wearing rate in Tokyo

Rear view Elbow Knee Back Chest Shoulder

2 4 6 8 10 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Body protector wearing rate (%) Year

Front view

Source: Metropolitan Police Department website

Knee 7.2 %

Pad type Airbag type

4.3 %

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• 5. Conclusion

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Conclusion

 It is necessary to consider safety measures from the viewpoint of human factors, vehicle factors and road environments.  Reliable and accurate road accident data are the basis for effective road safety measures.  Wearing a helmet is the most important measure to reduce the number of fatalities involving motorcycles.

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Thank you for your attention.

Yuji Arai Email: yarai@jari.or.jp Tel: +81-29-856-0885