Motor Vehicle Inspection Motor Vehicle Inspection Summary Summary - - PDF document

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Motor Vehicle Inspection Motor Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance: The and Maintenance: The Worldwide Experience Worldwide Experience

Michael P. Walsh International Consultant

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 2 2

Summary Summary

• Air Pollution Causes Serious Health and

Environmental Problems

• A Comprehensive Strategy is Needed
• I/M Plays A Critical Role
• The Keys To Successful I/M
• Conclusions

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 3 3

The Global Health Impact of Urban Air Pollution

Asia 487,000 61.0% Other 312,000 39.0%

Annual Premature Deaths Total: 799,000

Source: WHO The World Health Report 2002

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 4 4

2 6 2 6 28 3 5 4 0 21 2 5 2 5 21 14 13 11

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Residential Area Industrial Area Traffic Intersection

2000 2001 2002 2003

Benzene Concentration in

Ambient Air of Delhi

2

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 5 5

38.5 23.8 24.8 24 23.5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 B (a) P Conc. (ng/m3)

Year

Annual average concentration of Benzo(a) Pyrene Levels in RSPM in the Ambient air of Delhi

(Source: NEERI, Nagpur)

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 6 6

Chennai

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Concentration (µg/m

3)

• Res. Areas

NAAQS (Res. Areas)

Delhi

42.6 56.1 50.8 50 100 150 200 250 300 2001 2002 2003 Concentration (µg/m3) 20 40 60 80 % Calm Conditions

• Res. Areas

% Calm Conditions NAAQS (Res. Areas)

Mumbai

50 75 100 125 150 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Concentration (µg/m3)

• Res. Areas

NAAQS (Res. Areas)

Kolkata

50 100 150 200 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Concentration (µg/m3)

• Res. Areas

NAAQS (Res. Areas)

Air quality Trends of RSPM / PM10

in Major Cities

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 7 7

149 128 153 46 137 292 299 307 135 229 413 562 589 322 510

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

February March April June July

Concentration (µg / m3) PM 2.5 PM 10 TSPM

Months

Concentration of PM2.5, PM10, and

TSPM in Delhi

(Traffic Intersections Give The Highest Readings)

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 8 8

Lung Function Impairment in Residents of Delhi

(Non-smokers)

53.9 46.1 24.7 14.2 7.2

10 20 30 40 50 60

Normal Impaired Restrictive Obstructive Combined

% of individuals

Pattern of impairment

3

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 9 9

CLEAN VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY CLEAN FUELS APPROPRIATE MAINTENANCE

ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY

TRANSPORTATION

& LAND USE PLANNING M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 10 10

New Vehicle Standards in India New Vehicle Standards in India

• Entire Country

– Euro 2 – April 2005 – Euro 3 – April 2010

• Major Cities

– Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad & Ahmedabad, Pune Surat, Kanpur & Agra Already Euro 2 – Tighter emission norms for all private vehicles, city public service vehicles and city commercial vehicles

• Euro 3 From April 2005
• Euro 4 From April 2010

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 11 11

Current 2005 2010 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 National Metros

India Diesel Fuels Road Map

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 12 12

2001: Transport, Industry & Urban

– Replacement of all post-1990 3-wheelers and taxis with new vehicles on clean fuels – Sulphur content in diesel reduced to 0.05% in select outlets – Number of CNG vehicles increases: 14000 3-w; 2200 taxis; 400 buses; 250 RTVs; 9500 private (26350 total) – Piped NG by March to 2821 domestic, 15 small and 5 large commercial establishments – Hazardous Industry closure continues: total of 3538 closed

Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP) Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP)

Chronology of Recent Actions Chronology of Recent Actions

Conti…

4

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 13 13

2002: Transport & Urban

94 CNG stations setup up by March All diesel buses phased-out / converted to CNG. Number of CNG vehicles increases further: 35678 3-w; 4816 taxis; 4231 buses; 2165 RTVs; 10350 private (57240 total) Piped NG by March to 4111 domestic, 37 small, and 5 large commercial establishments 16340 non-destined good vehicles turned away from entering Delhi between July and November

Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP) Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP)

Chronology of Actions Chronology of Actions

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 14 14

CNG Situation in Delhi CNG Situation in Delhi January 1, 2005 January 1, 2005

• Buses

10,352

• Minibuses

4,999

• Taxis

5.69

• Three Wheelers

<60,000

• Pvt. Cars

10,895

• CNG Stations

126

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 15 15

International Best Practice International Best Practice Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Is Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Is Spreading Spreading

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 PPM

U S 1 9 9 3 U S 2 6 E U 2 E U 2 5 E U 2 5

• 9

J a p a n J a p a n 2 4 J a p a n 2 5

• 7

H

• n

g K

• n

g S

• u

t h K

• r

e a 2 6 T a i p e i , C h i n a 2 7 A u s t r a l i a 2 6 T h a i l a n d 2 1 S a n t i a g

• ,

C h i l e . . . I n d i a 1 9 9 6 I n d i a 2 I n d i a M e t r

• s

2 I n d i a 2 5 I n d i a 2 1 India Continues To Lag

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 16 16

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 PPM Fuel Sulfur 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 grams/kilometer PM Emissions Other PM Sulfur

Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and PM Emissions PM Emissions

Oxidation Catalyst PM Filter

5

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 17 17

One of the Weakest Aspects of the India One of the Weakest Aspects of the India Program Has Been the PUC I/M Program Program Has Been the PUC I/M Program

• Test procedures and norms did not

adjust to changing vehicle characteristics such as catalysts

• PUC Center operators are not trained
• Equipment not maintained / calibrated
• Proper test procedure not followed
• No well defined criteria for authorizing

/registering PUC Center

• No auditing of PUC Center
• Lack of centralised agency for co-
• rdination
• The number of vehicles undergoing

PUC test is very small and absence of control mechanism to identify vehicles escaping PUC

• No analysis of the data collected
• Existing system is prone to tampering

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 18 18

I/M Plays A Critical Role

Improved Vehicle Maintenance Deterrent To Tampering Deterrent To Misfueling Primary Enforcement Mechanism For Other Strategies

Alternative Fuel Retrofit Other Retrofit

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 19 19

Vehicle Inspection and Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Program Maintenance (I/M) Program

• Purpose:

– To Assure that vehicle is properly maintained and used – Identify Dirtiest Vehicles & Get Them Repaired – Identify Unsafe vehicles & Get them Repaired

• General Attributes:

– Relatively short – Relatively simple

• Test Types

– Idle – 2-Stage Idle – Steady Speed Loaded – Transient Loaded

• Variety of Safety Tests

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 20 20

Lessons From Mexico City I/M Lessons From Mexico City I/M Program Program

• Test and Repair

– Very convenient for vehicle owners – Very Difficult to Control – Often Degenerates into a visibly flawed program with no Public Support

• Test Only-Centralized

– Good Technical and Administrative Control – Design program for profitability – Legal framework to favor sanctions – Minimize impact of technician on Results

Source: John Rogers

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M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 21 21

Lessons From Mexico Lessons From Mexico

Gasoline Vehicle Testing Protocols Gasoline Vehicle Testing Protocols

• Easy to generate False Pass on Static (Idle)

Tests

• Dynamometers and NOx testing are essential to

minimize False Passes

• Short, loaded-mode, constant-speed test (ASM)

easy to operate at reasonable investment and cost

• Dynamic tests technically better but more

difficult for low-skill technicians

Source: John Rogers

6/4/2005 6/4/2005

Lessons From Mexico Lessons From Mexico Harness Public Opinion Harness Public Opinion

• Program success depends on public support
• Program benefits must be seen to outweigh

social costs

• Must be seen to be effective, totally objective,

transparent and focused on the gross polluters

• Well enforced, supervised and audited
• False Passes critically damage public opinion
• Design the Program to minimize False Passes

from Day One

Source: John Rogers

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 23 23

Enhanced PUC system Enhanced PUC system Developed By ARAI Developed By ARAI

• Revision in Idle emission norms based on the year of vehicle

manufacture.

• Introduction of idle HC emission standards
• Introduction of idle CO and HC emission norms for CNG / LPG

vehicles

• Will have improved test methods for gasoline and diesel vehicles
• Four gas analyzer for better accuracy
• Measurement of Engine oil temperature and engine rpm for repeatable

and consistent smoke readings

• Training of PUC center operators by equipment suppliers and

institutionalize the complete system

• Calibration of equipment three times per year
• Communication capability with computer for data transfer and storage

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 24 24

Problems with Idle CO Testing Problems with Idle CO Testing

Idle CO check :

• Proper extension pipes especially for 2&3 wheeler

vehicles are not used

• Chances of leakages in the system leading to low

readings

• Carburetor adjusted to pass the test

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M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 25 25

ARAI developed loaded mode test ARAI developed loaded mode test method for 2 Wheeler vehicles method for 2 Wheeler vehicles

• This test method was reviewed by
• Dr. R.A. Mashelkar in auto fuel

policy report and recommended for dovetailing with the PUC system

• This system represents a

significant step forward and should be emulated by other countries

• Can be extended to light duty

gasoline and CNG buses

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 26 26

Diesel Testing: Another Serious Challenge Current Smoke Testing Very Flawed

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 27 27

Test Methods for Checking Compliance Test Methods for Checking Compliance

A. Dynamometer Smoke Test

• Check rated rpm ± 5%

manufacturer spec

• Check road power to at least

50% of manufacturer spec

• Smoke limit 50 HSU
• B. Free Acceleration Smoke Test
• Check rated rpm ± 5%

manufacturer spec

• Can not check road power
• Smoke limit:-

Pre- 90 60 HSU Post 90 50 HSU

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 28 28

Effectiveness of Advanced Smoke Test Effectiveness of Advanced Smoke Test

• n
• n

Smoky Light Duty Diesel Vehicles Smoky Light Duty Diesel Vehicles

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 9/97-9/98 9/98-9/99 9/99-9/00

Period

Number of Repeaters among the smoky vehicles

FAS FAS DST DST

59%

Source: Matthew Tsang

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M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 29 29

Summarising Test Attributes Summarising Test Attributes

Transient DT80 Lug-Down Lug-Down Free Acceleration Test 70% No ~7,000 Smoke Opacity Effective- ness (PM) Building, Land Req’d? Equipment Cost (US$) Pollutant Measured 90% Yes ~100,000 PM 80% Yes ~90,000 PM 70% Yes ~70,000 Smoke Opacity

Source: Peter Anyon

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 30 30

Minimising I/M Program Costs Can Minimising I/M Program Costs Can Be Deceptive Be Deceptive

• Selecting a diesel I/M test presents a dilemma, as low-

cost tests are initially financially attractive but may fail to detect many high polluters (and even worse may fail a large number of clean vehicles).

• On the other hand, while equipment and infrastructure

capital costs can be quite high for tests that more reliably detect high polluters

– investment costs can be amortised over many years – in fact, test equipment outlays, over 5~10 years of

• peration are often the smallest budget item.

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 31 31

Good Quality I/M

Government Oversight & Auditing

Public Awareness

Strong Enforcement

Inspector Training Privatized

Centralized Testing Appropriate Test Procedures Appropriate Standards & Norms

Elements of A Successful I/M Program

M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 32 32

Conclusions Conclusions

• Air Pollution Causes Serious Health and Environmental

Problems

• A Comprehensive Strategy is Needed
• India Has Made Significant Strides But

– Sulfur in Fuel Still Lags – I/M Program Very Ineffective

• I/M Plays A Critical Role
• I/M Improvements Are Underway

– Loaded Testing of MC A Big Step Forward – Diesels Remain Significant Challenge

• The Keys To Successful I/M Have Been Reviewed