Teen Driving and Motor Teen Driving and Motor Vehicle Crashes Vehicle Crashes
Crash Statistics Crash Statistics � 2006 2006 – – Over 43,000 Killed In Crashes Over 43,000 Killed In Crashes � Nationwide Nationwide � 2006 2006 – – Over 770 Killed In Crashes In Over 770 Killed In Crashes In � NJ NJ � 2006 2006 – – Over 300,000 Crashes Over 300,000 Crashes � Reported In NJ Reported In NJ
Cause of Death Age 16- -20 20 Cause of Death Age 16 NHTSA 2003 NHTSA 2003 � # 1 # 1 - - MV Traffic Crashes (5,988) MV Traffic Crashes (5,988) � � # 2 # 2 – – Homicide (2,489) Homicide (2,489) � � # 3 # 3 – – Suicide (1,813) Suicide (1,813) � � # 4 # 4 - - Accidental Poisoning (752) Accidental Poisoning (752) � � # 5 # 5 – – Cancer (749) Cancer (749) �
Cause of Death Age 16- -20 20 Cause of Death Age 16 NHTSA 2003 NHTSA 2003 6000 5000 MV C ras h 4000 Homicide 3000 S uicide 2000 Pois on 1000 C ancer 0 2003
MV Crashes # 1 Cause of MV Crashes # 1 Cause of Death for Youths 16- -20 20 Death for Youths 16 � Approx 1/3 Of All Deaths In This Age Approx 1/3 Of All Deaths In This Age � Group. Group. � More Than # 2 More Than # 2 - - # 5 Combined # 5 Combined � � Why? Why? � – Inexperience Inexperience – – Easily Distracted Easily Distracted – � Driver Inattention # 1 Cause Of Fatal Driver Inattention # 1 Cause Of Fatal � Collisions In NJ Collisions In NJ
What Can We Do? What Can We Do?
The Three E’s The Three E’s � Engineering Engineering � � Enforcement Enforcement � � Education Education �
Avoiding Crashes Avoiding Crashes � We Must Know Our Limitations We Must Know Our Limitations � � Human Limitations Human Limitations � � Vehicle Limitations Vehicle Limitations �
Human Limitations Human Limitations � Physical Limitations Physical Limitations � � Mental Limitations Mental Limitations �
Three Collisions Three Collisions Human Limitations Human Limitations � Vehicle Collision Vehicle Collision � – Initial Crash Initial Crash – � Human Collision Human Collision � – Body Into Interior Of Vehicle Body Into Interior Of Vehicle – � Internal Collision Internal Collision � – Internal Injuries/Lacerations Internal Injuries/Lacerations – – Transection Transection of Aorta of Aorta – – Brain Injuries Brain Injuries –
Cranial Cavity Cranial Cavity
Three Collisions Three Collisions
Three Collisions Three Collisions Human Limitations Human Limitations � Speed Kills? Speed Kills? � – Sudden Stop Sudden Stop – – Tremendous Forces Tremendous Forces – � Multiply Weight By Speed Multiply Weight By Speed � – Delta V (Velocity Change) Delta V (Velocity Change) – – Occupant Restraints Increase Time Occupant Restraints Increase Time – During Delta V During Delta V
Reducing Forces of the Reducing Forces of the Human Collision Human Collision � Occupant Restraints Occupant Restraints � � Seat Belts Seat Belts � � Air Bags Air Bags �
Occupant Restraints Occupant Restraints Reducing The Effect Of The Human Collision Reducing The Effect Of The Human Collision � Decrease Injury By Increasing Delta V Decrease Injury By Increasing Delta V � Time Time � Hold Occupants In Place During Hold Occupants In Place During � Collision Collision � Unrestrained Occupants Act As Human Unrestrained Occupants Act As Human � Bullets Bullets
Occupant Restraints Occupant Restraints Reducing The Effect Of The Human Collision Reducing The Effect Of The Human Collision � Lap Belt Lap Belt � – Hold Occupant In Position Hold Occupant In Position – � Shoulder Harness Shoulder Harness � – Stops Jack Knife Effect Stops Jack Knife Effect – � Air Bag Air Bag � – Prevents Head Strikes Prevents Head Strikes –
Perception And Reaction Perception And Reaction Human Limitations Human Limitations � What Is It? What Is It? � – Time Needed To Perceive And React Time Needed To Perceive And React – – No Instant Reactions No Instant Reactions – � How Long? How Long? � – 1.5 Seconds Average 1.5 Seconds Average – � Daytime Daytime � � Experienced Drivers Experienced Drivers �
Visual Acuity Visual Acuity Human Limitations Human Limitations � Eye Function Eye Function � – Rods Vs Cones Rods Vs Cones – � Rods Rods � – Are More Sensitive Are More Sensitive – – Not Sensitive To Color – Not Sensitive To Color � Cones Cones � – Sensitive to Color Sensitive to Color – – Fovea Fovea Centralis Centralis (All Cones) (All Cones) –
Visual Acuity Visual Acuity Human Limitations Human Limitations
Conspicuity At Night Conspicuity At Night � Reduced Lighting Reduced Lighting � – Shades Of Grey Shades Of Grey – – Over Driving Headlights Over Driving Headlights – – Pedestrian Visibility Pedestrian Visibility –
Vehicle Limitations Vehicle Limitations � Traction Traction � � Braking Braking � � Lateral Acceleration (Cornering) Lateral Acceleration (Cornering) �
Vehicle Handling Vehicle Handling � Friction And Handling Friction And Handling � – Friction Circle Friction Circle – � Straight Roads Straight Roads � � Curves Curves � – Inertial Forces Inertial Forces – – Critical Curve Speed Critical Curve Speed –
Friction Circle Friction Circle
Limitations Limitations � Human Human � � Vehicle (Mechanical) Vehicle (Mechanical) � � Driving Is A Learned Behavior Driving Is A Learned Behavior � � New Drivers Need More Time To React New Drivers Need More Time To React � � More Time More Time � – Increased Following Distances Increased Following Distances – – Reduced Speeds Reduced Speeds –
Perception And Reaction Perception And Reaction Human Limitations Human Limitations � What Is It? What Is It? � – Time Needed To Perceive And React Time Needed To Perceive And React – – No Instant Reactions No Instant Reactions – � How Long? How Long? � – 1.5 Seconds Average 1.5 Seconds Average – � Daytime Daytime � � Experienced Drivers Experienced Drivers �
Perception And Reaction Perception And Reaction � More Time Needed For: More Time Needed For: � – Night Night – – Inexperienced Drivers Inexperienced Drivers – – Adverse Weather Adverse Weather – � Following Distance Following Distance � – 2 Seconds 2 Seconds – – More For New Drivers More For New Drivers –
Speed I ssues Speed I ssues � Speed Is A Contributing Factor In Most Speed Is A Contributing Factor In Most � Serious And Fatal Crashes Serious And Fatal Crashes � Speed Increases Stopping Distance Speed Increases Stopping Distance � – Perception/Reaction Perception/Reaction – – Braking Braking – � Speed Decreases Speed Decreases Percep Percep/React Time /React Time � � Speed + Reduced Visibility = Bad Speed + Reduced Visibility = Bad � – Night, Rain, Snow, Fog Night, Rain, Snow, Fog –
Speed I ssues Speed I ssues � How Fast Are We Really Going How Fast Are We Really Going � � MPH or FPS MPH or FPS � � MPH * 1.466 = FPS MPH * 1.466 = FPS �
Speed I ssues Speed I ssues � MPH vs. FPS MPH vs. FPS � � 25mph = 36.65fps 25mph = 36.65fps � � 35mph = 51.31fps 35mph = 51.31fps � � 45mph = 65.97fps 45mph = 65.97fps � � 55mph = 80.63fps 55mph = 80.63fps � � 65mph = 95.29fps 65mph = 95.29fps � � 75mph = 109.95fps 75mph = 109.95fps �
Speed I ssues Speed I ssues � Perception/Reaction Distance Perception/Reaction Distance � � Speed * 1.466 * 1.5 sec Speed * 1.466 * 1.5 sec � � 25mph 25mph – – 54.9 Feet 54.9 Feet � � 35mph 35mph – – 76.9 Feet 76.9 Feet � � 45mph 45mph – – 98.9 Feet 98.9 Feet � � 55mph 55mph – – 120.9 Feet 120.9 Feet � � 65mph 65mph – – 142.9 Feet 142.9 Feet � � 75mph 75mph – – 164.9 Feet 164.9 Feet �
Speed I ssues Speed I ssues � Braking Distance Braking Distance � � Dependent on Speed and Surface Dependent on Speed and Surface � Friction Friction � Lower Friction Increases Braking Lower Friction Increases Braking � Distance Distance � Dry Roads Have Highest Friction Dry Roads Have Highest Friction �
Speed I ssues Speed I ssues � Roadway Friction Values (Approx) Roadway Friction Values (Approx) � � Dry Pavement f= 0.6 to 0.8 Dry Pavement f= 0.6 to 0.8 � � Wet Pavement f= 0.45 to 0.65 Wet Pavement f= 0.45 to 0.65 � � Snow Covered f= 0.3 to 0.55 Snow Covered f= 0.3 to 0.55 � � Ice Covered f= 0.05 to 0.2 Ice Covered f= 0.05 to 0.2 �
Speed I ssues Speed I ssues � Braking Distance Braking Distance � Formula Formula 2 S = D 30 f
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