Modular Strategies for Including Principles of Sustainability in - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Modular Strategies for Including Principles of Sustainability in Engineering Liv Haselbach, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, M.ASEE haselbach@wsu.edu Define Key aspects of sustainability Explain Key properties of sustainability Apply
Liv Haselbach, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, M.ASEE haselbach@wsu.edu
BOK2 Outcome 10 Levels of Cognitive Achievement
Define
Explain
Apply
Analyze
Breadth (Inspirational, aspirational, holistic)
Depth (Detailed calculations, methodologies)
Design
Sustainability incorporated at different levels & times.
Breadth: Overview Modules Depth: Detailed Modules Full Course: Both
How might modules help?
Example with Life Cycle Assessment?
Can be viewed ahead of time for class discussion. (Flipped classroom) Can be viewed in class with discussion (20 minutes maximum with stops interspersed) Can be viewed later for review or distance students. Especially easy to use if narrated and/or with additional materials. Narrated modules make preparation easier for both the novice and the expert. Can even include short quizzes, exercises or other ways to interact. Will discuss at end.
Haselbach, L. and Langfitt, Q. (2016) Incorporating Pre-recorded Environmental Life Cycle Assessment Modules in a Classroom Setting, accepted Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: CESTICC WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY FULBRIGHT
Liv Haselbach Quinn Langfitt
For current modules email haselbach@wsu.edu or visit cem.uaf.edu/CESTiCC
Group A: ISO Compliant LCA Overview Modules Group α: ISO Compliant LCA Detailed Modules Group B: Environmental Impact Categories Overview Modules Group β: Environmental Impact Categories Detailed Modules Group G: General LCA Tools Overview Modules Group γ: General LCA Tools Detailed Modules Group T: Transportation-Related LCA Overview Modules Group τ: Transportation-Related LCA Detailed Modules
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MODULE A1
LCA MODULE A1
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LCA MODULE A1
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“Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle”* LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)
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LCA MODULE A1
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Image Sources: Target: wikia.nocookie.net Data: dreamstime.com Earth: business2community.com
Note: For an LCI study LCIA phase is omitted
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Assessment (LCIA)
MODULE A1: INTRODUCTION TO LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND ISO 14040
4 6 8
The phases are: 1. Goal and Scope 2. Life Cycle Inventory 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment 4. Interpretation
Social and economic science Value choices Natural science
Natural sciences tend to be more objective and therefore are the first priority in characterizing impacts.
Group A: ISO Compliant LCA Overview Modules Group α: ISO Compliant LCA Detailed Modules Group B: Environmental Impact Categories Overview Modules Group β: Environmental Impact Categories Detailed Modules Group G: General LCA Tools Overview Modules Group γ: General LCA Tools Detailed Modules Group T: Transportation-Related LCA Overview Modules Group τ: Transportation-Related LCA Detailed Modules
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Group A: ISO Compliant LCA Overview Modules Module A1 - Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment and ISO 14040 (February 2015) Module A2 - LCA Requirements and Guidelines: ISO 14044 (February 2015) Group α: ISO Compliant LCA Detailed Modules Module α1 - Goal, Function, and Functional Unit (February 2015) Module α2 - System, System Boundary, and Allocation (February 2015) Module α3 - Life Cycle Stages (April 2015) Module α4 - LCIA Optional Elements: Grouping, Weighing, and Normalization (November 2015) Module α5 - Data Types and Sources (December 2015) Module α6 - Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) (December 2015)
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What the product(s) or process(es) is designed to do Often intuitive
Important to help define the system and functional unit
LCA MODULE α1
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Generate Light Transport People House Students
Dorm: dci-engineers.com
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LCA MODULE α1
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Collect input/output data based on how much of the function is accomplished Express inputs/outputs in terms of one unit of function Multiply by value of functional unit
Functional unit = 50,000 passenger-miles traveled
Image source: hrc.org
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1. Write a goal statement for a fictitious LCA of your choosing. 2. Find an LCA in a journal or online and examine its goal statement. Does it cover all necessary information as
3. Determine what functional unit should be used for an LCA comparing gasoline and ethanol production (hint: think energy). Explain your choice. 4. Consider the use stage of a life cycle assessment on an incandescent light bulb. Assume that the only flow within the system during that stage is the electricity needed to operate the bulb. The bulb consumes 1 kWh of electricity to produce 16,000 lumen-hours of light. Each kWh of electricity has the following simplified inputs and outputs to and from nature: Inputs: 0.356 kg coal Outputs: 1.01 kg CO2, 1.60×10-3 kg NOx,1.22×10-2 kg SO2, and 9.26×10-6kg PM10 Considering the functional unit is 20,000,000 lumen hours, convert the LCI data into the quantities of inputs and
LCA MODULE α1
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Group B: Environmental Impact Categories Overview Modules Module B1 - Introduction to Impact Categories (April 2015) Module B2 - Common Air Emissions Impact Categories (March 2015) Module B3 - Other Common Emissions Impact Categories (March 2015) Group β: Environmental Impact Categories Detailed Modules Module β1 - Global Warming Potential (December 2015) Module β2 - Acidification Potential (September 2015) Module β3 - Ozone Depletion Potential (September 2015) Module β4 - Smog Creation Potential (September 2015) Module β5 - Eutrophication Potential (September 2015) Module β6 - Human Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Potential (October 2015) Module β7 – Human Health Particulate Matter (September 2015) Module β9 – Impact Assessment Methodologies (October 2015)
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04/2015 LCA MODULE B1
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Some can be partitioned further into:
Module B2 Module B3
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Particularly uncommon
Increase in greenhouse gas concentrations, resulting in potential increases in global average surface temperature Often called climate change to reflect scope of possible effects
Weather=short term
Occurs due to potential increased greenhouse effect from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere Some common greenhouse gases (GHGs) include:
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Figure source: USGCRP (2009). “Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States.”
Global Scale of impacts:
CO2: carbon dioxide
Change in Average Global Surface Temperature
Based on one projection under various emissions scenarios
LCA MODULE β1 12/2015
Trapping of heat in by the troposphere by greenhouse gases due to differences in interaction with long wave and short wave radiation (acts like a blanket)
(long wave) is mostly allowed to pass through
the surface (short wave) is partially blocked
Some greenhouse effect needed to sustain natural temperatures Additional effect from human activity is the concern
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Figure source: livescience.com
LCA MODULE β1 12/2015
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Magnitudes of effects (endpoints) are more difficult to
just possible scenarios.
Figure source: epa.gov
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GHG emissions inventory=14.9 g of CH4, 31.0 mg of N2O, 2.35 kg of CO2
Calculate the global warming potential in kg CO2-equivalent (kg CO2e).
1 𝑙 1000 25 𝑙 𝐷𝑃2−𝑓𝑟 1 𝑙 𝐷𝐼4
= 0.37 𝑙 𝐷𝑃2 − 𝑓𝑟
1 𝑙 106 𝑛 298 𝑙 𝐷𝑃2−𝑓𝑟 1 𝑙 𝑂2𝑃
= 0.01 𝑙 𝐷𝑃2 − 𝑓𝑟
𝑔𝑠𝑝𝑛 𝐷𝐼4
+ 0.01 𝑙 𝐷𝑃2𝑓
𝑔𝑠𝑝𝑛 𝑂2𝑃
+ 2.35 𝑙 𝐷𝑃2𝑓
𝑔𝑠𝑝𝑛 𝐷𝑃2
= 𝟑. 𝟖𝟒 𝒍𝒉 𝑫𝑷𝟑 − 𝒇𝒓
LCA MODULE β1 12/2015
Group G: General LCA Tools Overview Modules Module G1 - General Paid LCA Software Tools (February 2015) Module G2 - General Free LCA Software Tools (March 2015) Module G3 - Transportation LCA Software Tools (October 2015) Group γ: General LCA Tools Detailed Modules (Transportation details are in the τ group) Module γ1 - EIO-LCA Tutorial and Links to GaBi Tutorials (October 2015) Module γ2 - Building LCA Software Tutorial (October 2015)
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Transport LCA Topics
Pavement
Roadway Maint. Vehicles Fuels Modal Choice Infra- structure
*Not an exhaustive list of topics
LCA MODULE G3 10/2015
Many transportation “life cycle assessments” are not truly LCAs by the ISO standard
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CO2 (carbon dioxide) CH4 (methane) N2O (nitrous oxide) SO2 (sulfur dioxide) CO (carbon monoxide) NOx (nitrogen oxides) VOCs (volatile organics) PM (particulate matter) Pb (lead) (less common)
Common Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions
LCA MODULE G3 10/2015
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Energy Use in Transportation Model (GREET)
Environmental and Economic Effects (PaLATE)
LCA MODULE G3 10/2015
Group T: Transportation-Related LCA Overview Modules Module T1 - Introduction to Transportation LCA and Literature Review (December 2015) Group τ: Transportation-Related LCA Detailed Modules Module τ3 – GREET Tutorial (November 2015) Module τ4 – Athena Impact Estimator for Highways (October 2015)
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12/2015 LCA MODULE T1
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Considerations include
Some relevant software
Pavement Vehicles Fuel Other Infrastructure
Asphalt: transportation.ky.gov Concrete: www.sddot.com
Topics
Pavement Vehicles Fuel Other Infrastructure
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Author(s) Year Title Weiland and Muench 2010 Life Cycle Assessment of Cement Concrete Interstate Highway Rehabilitation and Replacement Anastasiou et al. 2012 Comparative life cycle assessment of concrete road pavements using industrial by-products as alternative materials Butt 2012 Life cycle assessment of asphalt pavements including the feedstock energy and asphalt additives Horvath 2003 Life-Cycle Environmental and Economic Assessment of Using Recycled Materials for Asphalt Pavements Yu and Lu 2014 Estimation of albedo effect in pavement life cycle assessment Stripple 2001 Life Cycle Assessment of Road: A Pilot Study for Inventory Analysis Yu and Lu 2012 Life cycle assessment of pavement: Methodology and case study Noshadravan et al. 2013 Comparative pavement life cycle assessment with parameter uncertainty Gschösser and Willbaum 2013 Life Cycle Assessment of Representative Swiss Road Pavements for National Roads with an Accompanying Life Cycle Cost Analysis Kucukvar and Tatari 2012 Ecologically based hybrid life cycle analysis of continuously reinforced concrete and hot-mix asphalt pavements Concrete Asphalt Both
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More tabs across the top Construction equipment
roadway construction
Material Transportation
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Uses MIT’s “PVI Mechanistic Model Gen II”
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10/2015 LCA MODULE τ4
Groups A and α : ISO Compliant LCA Overview and Detailed Modules Group B and β: Environmental Impact Categories Overview and Detailed Modules Group G and γ : General LCA Tools Overview and Detailed Modules Group T and τ : Transportation-Related LCA Overview and Detailed Modules Future Plans Dependent on Funding: More β and τ detailed modules. Encourage submissions of case studies, updates to literature, additional modules. Encourage collaborations to use LCA in research. Encourage educational applications, especially as ABET requires sustainability in design.
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Evaluated use in a classroom as main lectures for 3 credit graduate course at WSU:
discussion at several points within the playback.
in a Classroom Setting, accepted Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice.
Also used internationally for a 1 credit class in Brazil. Breadth: Some overview modules are planned to be used in an introduction to engineering class at WSU, with two modules watched outside of class followed by classroom discussion and activities. Depth: Some detailed modules could be used in upper-level classes for more depth.
Benefits: Reduced preparation time for both novices and experts in the topics!
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For current modules email haselbach@wsu.edu or visit cem.uaf.edu/CESTiCC