Mobile Devices National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC - - PDF document

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Mobile Devices National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC - - PDF document

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 Mobile Devices National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series Presenter Don Mason Don Mason Associate Director, NCJRL 662-915-6898 drmason@olemiss.edu National

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 1

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Mobile Devices

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Presenter

Don Mason Don Mason

Associate Director, NCJRL

662-915-6898 drmason@olemiss.edu

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Questions

  • Feel free to email any time to:

drmason@olemiss.edu

  • Please include your phone number

– In case it might be helpful to visit by phone – Will not be shared with anyone else

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 2

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Mobile Devices

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Beyond Our Scope Today

  • “Mobile device forensics”
  • “Anti-forensics” on/via mobile devices
  • Security concerns with BYOD, “mobile

workforces,” etc. in our “mobile era”

  • In-depth analyses of the legal issues

surrounding uses of mobile devices (e.g., “sexting” or texting while driving) or any of the surveillance controversies

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Identify mobile devices
  • Learn how mobile devices obtain and

transmit information

  • Identify potential evidence that may be
  • btained from mobile devices
  • Learn where data is stored

Objectives

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 3

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Smartphones
  • GPS
  • Digital Cameras
  • Beepers

Types of Devices

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Game systems
  • MP3 Players
  • Tablets
  • E-readers
  • “Ultraportables”
  • Thumb drives and

memory sticks

  • RFID chips

Types of Devices

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Calculator
  • Personal Digital Assistant

(PDA)

  • Pager

Types of Devices

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 4

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Cellular network triangulation
  • GPS trilateration
  • Geotagging

Processes

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

  • Over 6.8 billion mobile phones worldwide

– 327.6 million in US

  • 104% of population

– Number expected to exceed world population by 2014 – Per U.N.: More people have cell phones than have toilets (4.5 billion)

  • 1.6 billion smartphones sold in 2010 alone
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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 5

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Cellular networks

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Cellular networks

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Cellular networks

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 6

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Cellular networks

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Triangulation

  • Comparing

signal strengths

– Time delays – Angles of arrival – Three nearest towers

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Triangulation

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 7

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Cell Site Location Information

  • Mobile switching centers may retain the

location information in call detail records

– At least for a period of time (e.g., 24 hours)

  • Authorities can track subscriber’s general

movements by following sequence of towers contacted by the phone

  • May also obtain last recorded location

before signal or power lost

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Cell Site Location Information

  • Most useful location information comes

from initiation or receipt of a call or text

  • A call data record (CDR) is kept for billing

– Yield historical account of cell phone’s locations

  • Officers may also locate phone in “real

time” while a call is in progress

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Enhanced 9-1-1

  • FCC mandate of 95% of phones
  • Locate phone location within 300 meters
  • Within 6 minutes
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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 8

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

Modern cell phones have a variety of functions, including:

  • SMS (short message service)
  • MMS (multimedia message service)
  • Phone Calls
  • Cameras
  • File Storage
  • Internet Access (email, IM)

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

SMS (short message service)

  • 160 characters or less
  • Sent from cell phone to cell phone by

way of towers and servers

  • If recipient phone is
  • ff, a message will be

saved until the phone is turned on

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

  • Over 7 trillion text messages sent in 2011
  • Over 8 trillion in 2012
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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 9

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

Sender types message and sends it The message travels to the nearest cell towers The phone company directs the message to the recipient through it’s servers The message travels to the cell towers nearest the recipient The recipient receives the message

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

MMS (multimedia message service)

  • Like SMS, but allows sharing of pictures,

video, and/or audio

  • Usually an additional feature on phones

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

Internet Access

  • Email
  • Social Media

– Facebook, Twitter

  • Chat & Instant Messaging
  • Internet Browser
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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 10

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

  • Hybrid Browsing

– Reduces download by compressing data –

  • ften by as much as 70%
  • Essentially the same data stored on

phone

– Images in lower resolution – Record of access also on browser’s server

  • In addition to the phone, ISP, and host’s records

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Internet Speed

– 3G – 200 Kbps – 4G – 6.4 Mbps

Smartphones

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series Cell Company’s ISP Network Internet Exchange Point Website Host

1 2 3 4 5

User’s Cell Phone Nearest Cell Towers

Smartphones

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 11

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

  • GPS

– Discussed in next section

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

  • Apps

– Millions for nearly any purpose

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

  • Security

– Apps can add encryption and better security

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 12

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

  • Therefore, cell phones contain lots of data:

– Messages – Voicemails – E-mails – Pictures & Video – Location, trip data – Contacts

  • However, some of this information may

not be on the phone

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

  • For example, smartphones save little data

related to social networks

– Thus, opening Facebook on someone else’s phone could be a violation of the SCA

  • Applies to all data – depending on the app
  • r phone model, the data may be saved
  • n the phone and/or a remote server

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

  • Data may be stored internally or on a

memory card

– Usually MicroSD

  • It can often be obtained

even if the phone is locked

  • Just like computers, deleted data may be

recoverable

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 13

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Smartphones

  • Other similarities with computers

– Viruses – Hiding Tracks

  • Tor
  • VPNs
  • Privacy Concerns

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

QUIZ

Which of the following can be done with a cell phone?

  • A. Instant Messaging
  • B. MMS
  • C. Internet Browsing
  • D. International Phone Calls
  • E. All of the above

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

QUIZ

Which of the following generally is not involved in the transmission of text messages?

  • A. Cell Phones
  • B. DSL Modem
  • C. Cell Service Providers’ Servers
  • D. Phone Towers
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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 14

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Beepers

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Requires “tailing”

– Antenna used to track radio signals – Up to 5 miles

  • Placed on car or package

– 1”x2” to 3”x5”

  • Does not store information

Beepers

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Use beeps and/or lights to indicate

– Direction (but not very well) – Distance

Beepers

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 15

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

GPS

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Global Positioning System
  • Developed by US government for military

purposes

– Cost unknown, but EU’s competing system expected to cost around $25 billion – Still operated by the military

GPS

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Three Components

– Satellites

  • 24 operational, 3 backups
  • Any point on earth can “see” at least 6 at all times
  • Each knows its distance from the center of the

Earth

– Ground Stations

  • 11 around the globe

– Receivers

  • Calculate their distance from the satellite

GPS

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 16

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

GPS

Satellites

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

GPS

Ground Stations

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

GPS

Receiver

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 17

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

2-D Trilateration

  • Involves a bunch of

difficult calculations

  • Instead of learning

that, let’s use pictures

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

2-D Trilateration

Detroit 366 miles

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

2-D Trilateration

Richmond Detroit 312 miles

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 18

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

2-D Trilateration

Richmond Nashville Detroit Charleston 388 miles

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

3-D Trilateration

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

3-D Trilateration

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 19

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

3-D Trilateration

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

3-D Trilateration

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

3-D Trilateration

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 20

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Accuracy is limited by:

– Earth’s atmosphere

  • Weather generally has no effect

– But doesn’t work underwater

– Structures, Terrain, Foliage – Clock errors – Gravitational effect on satellite orbits

GPS

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Generally, accurate to 15 meters
  • Receivers use “Differential GPS” to

calculate error

– Makes measurement accurate to 10 meters, but possibly up to 10 centimeters

GPS

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Uses an assistance server to more rapidly
  • r accurately obtain a location

– Can be used in lieu of a fully functional GPS receiver or can be used to enhance the accuracy of a location

  • If the GPS receiver has trouble

determining a location, A-GPS can make a connection using the cell network to send data

Assisted GPS (A-GPS)

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 21

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Many cell phones use A-GPS, cell site

triangulation and other technology to determine location

  • Other benefits

– Uses less battery power – Less time to get a fix – Better coverage – System can be upgraded at network level

Assisted GPS (A-GPS)

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Assisted GPS (A-GPS)

Satellites Phone Company’s Receiver Smartphone Cell Towers A-GPS Server

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

GPS Data

  • Data that may be located on the GPS

receiver includes:

  • Device information
  • Owner information
  • Waypoints
  • Home location
  • Points of interest (POI)
  • Deleted locations
  • Last fix
  • Routes/Journeys
  • Track logs
  • Favorites
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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 22

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Which of the following is not necessary in determining location using GPS?

  • A. Satellite
  • B. Ground station
  • C. Cell phone towers
  • D. Receiver

QUIZ

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

At least how many satellites can “see” your location from anywhere on Earth?

  • A. Three
  • B. Four
  • C. Five
  • D. Six
  • E. Seven

QUIZ

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Digital Cameras

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 23

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Pictures and video, of course

– Geotagging

  • Especially in smartphones

Digital Cameras

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Adds latitude and longitude coordinates

to pictures and video

– Stored in metadata; not visible in the image

  • Usually derived from GPS

– Camera must have a built-in GPS receiver

  • Can also be used with text messages,

social networking updates, and blog posts

Geotagging

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Geotagging

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 24

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • 5G smartphone Internet connections
  • Multiple “GPS” services

The Future

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Common mobile devices used
  • How such devices obtain and transmit

information

  • Potential evidence that may be obtained

from mobile devices

  • Where data is stored

Our Technology Topics Today

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

  • Search & Seizure
  • Electronic Communications Privacy Act
  • Evidence Authentication
  • Privacy

– Carrier IQ – Location tracking

Selected Legal Issues

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NCJRL ICAC Webinar – Mobile Devices October 25, 2013 25

National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law ICAC Webinar Series

Presented by

Don Mason Don Mason

Associate Director, NCJRL

662-915-6898 drmason@olemiss.edu