Managing heat stress in transition cows and calves Tao. S*., A. P. - - PDF document

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Managing heat stress in transition cows and calves

• Tao. S*., A. P. A. Monteiro*, X-S, Weng*, J. Laporta†, G. E.

Dahl†, J. K. Bernard*

*Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia; †Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida

Heat stress reduces milk production

Review by Bernabucci et al., 2010

Heat-stressed lactating cows have blunted adipose tissue mobilization and increased whole body glucose utilization

Glucose Tolerance Test Wheelock et al., 2010 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Adin et al., 2009 do Amaral et al., 2009 do Amaral et al., 2011 Tao et al., 2011 Tao et al., 2012 Thompson et al., 2014 Average

DMI, kg/d

Diff: 1.5 kg/d (15% )

Cooling during the ENTIRE dry on DMI

2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/19/16 Tao | University of Georgia

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Heat stress doesn’t affect fat mobilization of dry cows

Lamp et al., 2015

HS dry cow Pair-fed dry cow Pair-fed early lactating cow HS early lactating cow

Heat stress doesn’t affect glucose tolerance

• f dry cows
• 14 d relative to calving

Heat stress doesn’t affect blood metabolites and insulin of dry cows

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Dry cow Early lactating cow 1-/3-Methyl histidine, µmol/L

* Heat stress increases protein mobilization of dry cows

Adapted from Lamp et al., 2015 Heat stress Pair- Fed Heat stress Pair- Fed

2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/19/16 Tao | University of Georgia

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15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Wolfenson et al., 1988 Avendaño-Reyes et al., 2006 Adin et al., 2009 do Amaral et al., 2009 do Amaral et al., 2011 Tao et al., 2011 Thompson et al., 2012 Tao et al., 2012b Thompson et al., 2014 Average

Milk Production, kg/d

Diff: 4 kg/d (12.2% )

Cooling during the ENTIRE dry on milk yield (Multiparous cows)

Adapted from Tao and Dahl, 2013 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Urdaz et al., 2006 Adapted from Wang et al., 2010 Adapted from Gomes et al., 2014 Karimi et al., 2015 Average

Milk Production, kg/d

Diff: 2.2 kg/d (5.8% )

Cooling during the Close-up on milk yield (Multiparous cows)

15 17 19 21 23 25 27

Adapted from Wang et al., 2010 Adapted from Gomes et al., 2014 Average

Milk Production, kg/d

Diff: 2.4 kg/d (6.2% )

Cooling during the late gestation on milk yield (~ 1month, Heifers)

Tao et al., 2011

Treatment effect: P < 0.03

Cooling dry cows increases MY

Tao et al., 2011

2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/19/16 Tao | University of Georgia

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Cooling improves mammary growth in the late dry period

0.0 ¡ 0.5 ¡ 1.0 ¡ 1.5 ¡ 2.0 ¡ 2.5 ¡ 3.0 ¡ 3.5 ¡ 4.0 ¡

Epithelium ¡ Stroma ¡ Total ¡

Heat ¡Stress ¡ Cooling ¡

Ki67 ¡labeling, ¡% ¡

¡ ¡* ¡ ¡ ¡** ¡

* ¡ ¡ ¡P ¡< ¡0.05 ¡ ** ¡ ¡P ¡< ¡0.01 ¡

• ­‑20 ¡Day ¡RelaHve ¡to ¡Calving ¡

Tao et al., 2011

Treatment effect: P < 0.03

Heat stress decreases estrone sulfate

Collier et al., 1982

Shade Non-Shade

Mammary ¡Gland ¡Development ¡During ¡the ¡Dry ¡ Period ¡

Heat ¡Stress ¡May ¡Alter ¡Mammary ¡ InvoluHon ¡in ¡Early ¡Dry ¡Period ¡

Heat ¡ ¡ stress ¡ ProlacHn ¡

¡

Heat ¡shock ¡protein ¡ Estrone ¡sulfate ¡ Mammary ¡ ¡ apoptosis ¡ Mammary ¡ ¡ autophagy ¡ Mammary ¡ ¡ involuHon ¡ Mammary ¡ ¡ growth ¡

Collier, et al., 1982; 2008; Tao et al., 2011; 2013

2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/19/16 Tao | University of Georgia

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Hypothesis: ¡Heat ¡Stress ¡Impairs ¡Mammary ¡ InvoluHon ¡

Heat stress blunts mammary autophagy during the early dry period

LC3-I LC3-II

Cooling Heat Stress

LC3-I LC3-II

Day relative to dry off Wohlgemuth et al., 2015

Heat stress impairs lymphocyte proliferation

do Amaral et al., 2011

Heat stress impairs IgG responses against

• valbumin challenge

do Amaral et al., 2011

Cool Heat Stress 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Cov -14 3 7 14 21 28 35 42

IgG, O.D. x 103 Day relative to calving EC NC

Gomes et al., 2014

Cool Heat Stress

2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/19/16 Tao | University of Georgia

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Heat stress impairs neutrophil function

do Amaral et al., 2011

Cool Heat Stress Cool Heat Stress

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Mastitis Respiratory Retained Placenta Metritis

%

** ** †

Calving season on cow health (up to 60 DIM)

▫ Calving in summer ▪ Calving in winter

Adapted from Thompson and Dahl., 2012

Prepartum cooling increases metritis

32.8 2.7 43.9 11.0

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Exp 1 Exp 2 Heat Stress Cooling Metritis Incidence, % 39/119 54/123 2/74 8/73 † †

Adapted from Thompson et al., 2014

Prepartum cooling is the key

q Most effective approach q Slight reduction in body temperature can have strong impact on subsequent lactation

2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/19/16 Tao | University of Georgia

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Prepartum cooling slightly reduces cow body temperature

38.0 38.2 38.4 38.6 38.8 39.0 39.2 39.4 39.6 39.8 40.0

Wolfenson et al., 1988 Avendaño-Reyes et al., 2006 Adin et al., 2009 do Amaral et al., 2009 do Amaral et al., 2011 Tao et al., 2011 Thompson et al., 2014 Tao et al., 2012b Average

Rectal Temperature, OC

Diff: 0.4 OC

Adapted from Tao and Dahl, 2013

Tao and Dahl, 2013

Milk = 483.48 - 11.523×Temp R² = 0.51, P = 0.001

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5 40.0 40.5

Milk Production, kg/d Rectal Temperature, oC

Reduction in body temperature when dry improves subsequent milk yield Summary – Heat stress during the dry period

• n cow

q Impairs mammary growth during the dry period q Decreases milk production in the next lactation q Alters metabolic responses during transition q Compromises immune function during transition q Cooling dry cow is the key

Maternal heat stress on calf

2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/19/16 Tao | University of Georgia

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Late gestation heat stress decreases birth weight

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Collier et al., 1982b Wolfenson et al., 1988 Avendaño- Reyes et al., 2006 Adin et al., 2009 do Amaral et al., 2009 do Amaral et al., 2011 Tao et al., 2011 Tao et al., 2012 Monteiro et al., 2012 Average

Calf birth weight, kg

Heat Stress Cooling Diff: 4.7 kg (12.5%)

Adapted from Tao and Dahl, 2013

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Body Weight (kg) Months of Age

Cooling Heat Stress

Monteiro et al., 2013

Late gestation heat stress affects calf body weight

trt: P < 0.05 N = 72

Glucose clearance to glucose infusion

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 75 90 120

Glucose, mg/dL Time relative to infusion, min

Heat Stress Cooling Trt effect: P = 0.16 Trt*time effect: P < 0.01 **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 * ** ** **

Day ¡8 ¡

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 75 90 120

Glucose, mg/dL Time relative to infusion, min

Heat Stress Cooling Trt effect: P = 0.42 Trt*time effect: P < 0.01 **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 * * **

Day ¡29 ¡

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 75 90 120

Glucose, mg/dL Time relative to infusion, min

Heat Stress Cooling Trt effect: P = 0.02 Trt*time effect: P < 0.01 **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 * * ** * * * * ** **

Day ¡57 ¡

Monteiro et al., 2015

In ¡utero ¡heat-­‑stressed ¡calf ¡had ¡ higher ¡ability ¡to ¡absorb ¡glucose ¡

Insulin clearance to insulin infusion

Day ¡8 ¡ Day ¡29 ¡ Day ¡57 ¡

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 75 90 120

Insulin, ng/mL Time relative to infusion, min

Heat Stress Cooling Trt effect: P = 0.16 Trt*time effect: P = 0.04 **P < 0.01, *P = 0.05 ** * 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 75 90 120

Insulin, ng/mL Time relative to infusion, min

Heat Stress Cooling Trt effect: P = 0.5 Trt*time effect: P = 0.33 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 75 90 120

Insulin, ng/mL Time relative to infusion, min

Heat Stress Cooling Trt effect: P = 0.15 Trt*time effect: P = 0.06 *P = 0.05, † P < 0.1 † † † *

Monteiro et al., 2015, JAM

In ¡utero ¡heat-­‑stressed ¡calf ¡had ¡ insulin ¡resistance ¡– ¡less ¡insulin ¡ mediated ¡glucose ¡entry ¡to ¡Hssue ¡

2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/19/16 Tao | University of Georgia

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CorHsol ¡at ¡Calving ¡

Tao et al., 2012 Treatment: P = 0.08

Maternal heat stress decreases serum total IgG

• f calves

Tao et al., 2012

Maternal heat stress affects lymphocyte function of calves

10 20 30 40 50 60 7 28 42 56

Stimulation Index (Fold) Days of Age

Heat Stress Cooling Trt effect: P = 0.05 Time effect: P < 0.01 Trt*Time effect: P =0.94 Tao et al., 2012

Summary – Heat stress during the dry period

• n calf

q Impairs fetal growth and lowers birth weight q Compromises immune function before weaning q Decreases milk production in the first lactation

2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/19/16 Tao | University of Georgia