Low-frequency variability in X-ray binaries Tomaso Belloni - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Low-frequency variability in X-ray binaries Tomaso Belloni - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Black Hole Universe Low-frequency variability in X-ray binaries Tomaso Belloni (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010 What we will cover A historical

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SLIDE 1

Low-frequency variability in X-ray binaries

Tomaso Belloni (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera)

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Black Hole Universe

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 2

What we will cover

A historical perspective Hard state noise Soft state noise Quasi-Periodic Oscillations Unification High-Frequency QPOs in black holes

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 3

The dawn of X-ray astronomy

Uhuru discovers Cen X-3 Accreting X-ray pulsars Clear periodic signals

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 4

The curious case of Cyg X-1

Everyone finds a period

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Someone has an idea.. noise

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 5

Learn from history

Be careful with periods (Real) Number of trials Presence of noise Errors

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 6

Things got a lot better

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010 Nolan et al. (1981) B e l l

  • n

i & H a s i n g e r ( 1 9 9 ) RXTE: Observation in 1996

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 7

Broken power laws Shot noise does not work Multiple shot noise does Spectra are already too good

Flat-top noise

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010 B e l l

  • n

i & H a s i n g e r ( 1 9 9 )

Shots?

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 8

Add to power law No need for power law You need a few, but not a continuous

Lorentzians

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010 Nowak (2000)

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 9

Why do we use them? We do not have a model Good fits are not everything Do not use too many Do not fit blindly

Go careful with Lorentzians..

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

1 0.2 0.5 2 5 0.01 0.1 1 Power Freqency (Hz)

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 10

Timing can (must) help Lags and energy dependence

Hard state and Comptonization

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010 Time lags Rodriguez et al. (2004)

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 11

Soft state

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010 Tananbaum et al. (1991) Belloni et al. (1999) GX 339-4

Different energy spectrum Different origin?

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 12

Only broad-band noise?

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Ginga in the 90’s A new state: VHS Intermediate spectrum Two flavors of timing

Miyamoto et al. (1994) Miyamoto et al. (1993)

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 13

Intermediate/Very High

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

At high flux: VHS At lower flux: Intermediate

Ebisawa et al. (1994) Méndez & van der Klis (1997) [Belloni et al. 1997]

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 14

Area and flexibility

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Enter RXTE: coverage!

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 15

The HID

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

XTE J1550-564

Homan et al. (2001) 2.-4.7 keV 17.5-40.2 keV

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 16

Where we stand now

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

The HID

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 17

Global variability

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

The HRD

10 100 1000 PCU2 count rate 0.1 1 1 10 rms (%) Hardness

Belloni (2010)

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 18

Global variability

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

The HRD

10 100 1000 PCU2 count rate 0.1 1 1 10 rms (%) Hardness

Belloni (2010)

0.01 0.1 1 10 10

10

10

8

10

6

10

4

10

2

10 Frequency (Hz) Squared rms / Hz

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5 2 1 3?

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 19

Quasi-periodic Oscillations

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Three separate types

Casella et al. (2005)

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 20

Quasi-periodic Oscillations?

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Frequency or amplitude? Harmonics can tell us

Rao, Belloni & Stella (2010)

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 21

Fast transitions and variability

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Type-B much less stable in time (radius)

Nespoli et al. (2003) Belloni et al. (2005)

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 22

How many types of QPO?

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Seen at the same time Follow different correlations

Casella et al. (2005) Homan et al. (in prep)

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 23

States and QPOs

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Major state transitions marked Connection to jet ejection

Belloni (2010)

C A B

Jet line

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 24

Other sources

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

http://web.me.com/tbelloni/BlackHoleTransients/Home.html

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 25

Frequency correlations

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Main components Lots of correlations Also for NS Something basic

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 26

Frequency correlations

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

Main components Lots of correlations Also for NS Something basic

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 27

Frequency correlations

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

νBreak νQPO νL νU

Main components Lots of correlations Also for NS Something basic

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 28

Frequency correlations

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010 Belloni & Hasinger (2010)

Correlation 1: flat-top noise break

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 29

Correlation 2: flat-top noise & QPO

Frequency correlations

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

νBreak νQPO νL νU νBreak νQPO

Wijnands & van der Klis (1999)

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 30

Correlation 3: QPO & higher-frequency components

Frequency correlations

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

νBreak νQPO νL νU νL νQPO

Psaltis, Belloni & van der Klis (1999), Belloni, Psaltis & van der Klis (2002)

νQPO νL

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 31

Correlation 3: QPO & higher-frequency components

Frequency correlations

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010

νBreak νQPO νL νU

C i r X

  • 1

Broad Narrow

νL νQPO

Psaltis, Belloni & van der Klis (1999), Belloni, Psaltis & van der Klis (2002)

νQPO νL

Monday, May 31, 2010

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SLIDE 32

All models involve now GR frequencies Relativistic Precession Model kHz QPO 2: Keplerian kHz QPO 1: periastron precession LF QPO: Lense-Thirring precession Emission process must be added

Models...?

Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Black-Hole Variability 2010 Stella et al. (1999)

Monday, May 31, 2010