Black hole X-ray binaries IV: Outflows jets and winds Thomas J. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Black hole X-ray binaries IV:

Outflows – jets and winds

Thomas J. Maccarone

Jan 9, 2017, 2nd Fudan Winter School on Black Hole Astrophysics

Overview

Early discovery of jets in AGN Discoveries in X-ray binaries The “microquasar” paradigm Disk winds in different classes of systems

Fanaroff-Riley galaxies

Emission from jets

Acciari et al. 2009; originally proposed in Konigl 1981

Energetics in AGN lobes and jets

 Baade (1956) – optical polarization seen

in M87 jet

 Burbidge (1956) – energetics (~10^57

erg), showed there should also be gamma-rays



Very exotic energy production mechanisms were considered  Lynden-Bell (1969): “Galactic nuclei as

collapsed old quasars”

Production of jets

 Not well understood  Basic ideas are extraction of BH spin

energy (Blandford & Znajek 1977) and extraction of accretion disk rotational energy (Blandford & Payne 1982)



KJets from non-black holes

Radio from CVs: Koerding et al. 2008; image from Coppejans et al. 2015 Spin may be important for determining power, but it is not essential for making jets!!

 

Radio must be from jets in most cases

Start with flux measured Find radius if at 10^12 K Compare with size of orbit Emission must come from outside the binary orbit Called a “brightness temperature” argument

The microquasar paradigm

Mirabel & Rodriguez 1994

Cygnus X-1again, along with GX 339-4

Tananbaum et al. 1972 Fender et al. 1999

From Hannikainen et al. 1997

General trends for black hole radio/X-ray relation

L_R scales as L_X^0.7 power Significant scatter at high luminosities Corbel et al. 2003; Gallo et al. 2003 Figure from Coriat et al. 2010

Ballistic ejections at state transitions

Jet speed fast when spectrum softer Fast jet overtakes slow jet in transition to soft state This leads to a dense work surface In hard state jet shock itself frequently Vadawale et al. 2003; Figure from Fender Gallo & Belloni 2005

AGN analogies I: a fundamental plane of AGN activity

Merloni, Heinz & Di Matteo 2003

AGN II: Soft states in AGN

Maccarone, Gallo & Fender 2003

Cygnus X-1's bubble

Jet blows a bubble in interstellar medium Shock where this bubble ends Can use size scale and age of system to estimate the jet's kinetic power Jet appears to take away ~1/2 of accretion energy Gallo et al. 2005; Sell et al. 2015

Jet variability

X-rays from inflow, IR from outflow. From Casella et al. 2010

Neutron star jets

Migliari et al. 2006; Migliari et al. 2010

Ohsuga et al. 2009

X-rays from Jets I

X-rays from Jets II: constraints

Many problems with jet X-ray model (but less serious for faint hard states): 1) Nearly constant hard X-ray cutoff 2) Cannot explain neutron stars looking similar in X-rays, but very different in radio 3) Cannot explain lack of Fermi emission from typical X-ray binaries 4) Jets are low radiative efficiency, so making the hard X-rays come from a jet means there should be jumps in X-ray luminosity at state transitions Jet models can match the broadband spectra, but have similar numbers of free parameters to the number of features in the spectra. Poutanen & Zdziarski 2004; Maccarone 2005

Accretion disk corona sources: first evidence for winds from XRBs

Early in X-ray astronomy, a class seen: Dips/eclipses Little or no other variability Fainter than most other persistent X-ray binaries Prototype is 4U 1822-371 (Mason et al. 1980) Suggestion: only see scattered X-rays Light travel times smear out variability Originally was thought that the “corona” in which hard X-rays produced scatters the light, but also was suggested that there were disk winds even back in the 1980s (Begelman, McKee & Shields 1983)

Absorption in GRS 1915+105

Strong absorption in soft states Rapidly turns off in hard states Suggests that the disk winds are powerful only in the soft states (Neilsen & Lee 2009) This has some similarities with the AGN optical emission line morphology – when radio loud, double peaked lines are seen, but not when radio quiet (Eracleous & Halpern 1993)

A general trend in absorption

Conclusions

Jets are seen in nature whenever there is a geometrically thick accretion disk Large scale height magnetic fields are probably needed to produce the jets The behavior of AGN and stellar mass black hole jets shows broad similarities The basic physics of accretion does not depend strongly on scale of the black hole