Living Conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Camps and Gatherings in - - PDF document

Living Conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Camps and Gatherings in Lebanon

Introduction

Survey objectives:

• Broad description of current living conditions
• Analysis to provide insight into the dynamics of

socio-economic development processes

• Provide data relevant to a range of policy

concerns associated with living conditions and well-being

The Lipril sample survey

• The sample

– New sampling frame was constructed and used – A stratified one stage probability sample of about 4000 households – All camps (12) and most (44) Palestinian gatherings are included

• Fieldwork in Spring 1999

– Response rate is 97.2% – Refusal rate is 0.83%

• Overall good data quality

Refugee/Displacement status: Self-described by respondents in the Lipril survey

• All persons, asked if they were:
• 1. Refugee from 1948
• 2. Refugee after 1948
• 3. Displaced from 1967
• 4. Forced to migrate (muhajjar)
• 5. None of the above
• For 1-4, asked if they are registered with UNRWA

and DPRA

• Also asked about the year of first arrival to

Lebanon, family’s place of origin in mandatory Palestine, citizenship, and kind of travel document, if any.

The population covered in the following analysis:

• Population living in refugee camps (including the

de facto borderline) or “gatherings”.

• Households where at least one household

member is a Palestinian.

Main topics in the analysis:

• Population and demographic characteristics
• Health
• Education
• Employment
• Income and poverty
• Housing and environment
• Participation in daily life

Living Conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Camps and Gatherings in Lebanon

Education

Education

• Information collected on enrollment, literacy and highest level
• f completed education
• Those ever enrolled are questioned about their educational

career, and the types of educational institutions attended

• Main findings:
• The educational level is low
• Significant non-enrollment among the young, especially men
• High illiteracy
• Many students quit for economic reasons or de-motivation
• UNRWA is the dominant provider of basic education.

Low educational level for both males and females

• Three in ten have not

completed any education.

• Half have passed basic

education, for both men and women.

• Men dominate in higher

education, while more women then men have not completed any education.

Highest completed education, population 15+

0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % Male Female Per cent of males/females 15+ Graduate Secondary Prepar/Interm. Elementary No complete

High illiteracy, especially among women

• 9% of males and 22% of

females (15+) have never been to school.

• 20% of adult population

(15+) is illiterate: 13% of men and 26% of women.

• But illiteracy also among

the young: 8% of 15-39 cohorts are illiterate

20 40 60 80 100 120 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+ Age Per cent of age group Ever enrolled male Ever enrolled female Illiterate male Illiterate female

Frequent non-enrollment among the young

• Enrollment drops fast from

age 11, especially for males.

• 21% non-enrolment among

children 7-18 years old.

• 5% of enrolled did not

attended education during the last month.

• From 5-9, same enrolment

rate as for Lebanese, dropping fast to half of Lebanese for 15-24.

20 40 60 80 100 120 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Age Per cent of age group

Male enrolled Female enrolled Male attending Female atending

UNRWA provides education for nine in ten enrolled students

• UNRWA is the dominant

provider of basic education, and covers half of secondary education

• NGOs, private and

government agencies serve the remaining half attending secondary education

• Most students in

graduate/post graduate studies attend government and private institutions

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Elementary Preparatory Secondaru Graduate Current educational level Per cent of education category

Other/abroad NGO Priv.foreign Government Priv.Lebanese UNRWA

Vocational training supports formal education

• Two in ten have attended

short (<12 months) training course.

• Highest participation

among females with intermediate or secondary education

• Moreover:
• Participation evenly spread

across agencies

• Most popular courses are

clothing and personal grooming for women and electrical/mechanical courses for men

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 No complete Elementary Prep/Interm Secondary Post sec+ Higest completed educational level Per cent of educational category Male Female

Not currently attending education

Lack of interest and economic difficulties are frequent reasons for “drop-out”

• Four in ten leave at the

lowest levels due to de- motivation.

• Economic reasons

increasing in importance with increasing educational level.

• Repeated failure

frequent at lower levels….. .. marriage and completed education frequent at highest.

Population 5-25 years old never/not currently attending

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 No complete Elementary Prep/Interm. Secondary Highest completed education Per cent of education category

Finished educ. Marriage Assist family Poverty Repeated failure Not interested

Six most frequent reasons

Living Conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Camps and Gatherings in Lebanon

Health status and health services

Health status and health services

• Information about health insurance, chronic and acute illness, and the use of and

satisfaction with health services collected for all houshold members

• Randomly selected adults answered questions about their general health status and

psychological well-being

• For children 1-4 years old mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was used to estimate

malnourishment

• Data on birth history, maternal health and contraceptive use are available but not

reported in this presentation

Main findings:

1 out of 5 persons suffers from chronic health failure 1 in 5 uses medicines due to psychological distresss Under five health poor 7 out of 10 with acute illness see a doctor UNRWA clinics: preferred place of consultation; cheapest provider; lowestrating on satisfaction with consultation

Nearly one in five have a chronic health failure

• close to one in ten suffer from a severe

problem

• 19% suffer from chronic

health failure

• 3% have a chronic problem

caused by war

(more common among males than females: 21% versus 13%)

• 8.5% suffer from a severe

chronic problem (making it difficult to

go out without help)

• More prevalent in the lower

income bracket and the southern camps

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+ Age groups Percent Chronic illness - Women Chronic illness - Men Severe chronic illness - Women Severe chronic illness - Men

The majority show sign of psychological distress One in four feels hopeless about the future

• 42% report four

symptoms or more

• 21% have used

medicines due to psychological distress regularly, and 16%

• ccasionally, during the

last 6 months

• 1,5% have seen a doctor

for mental problems

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Feeling continuosly anxious Headaches Nevousness Feeling of worthlessness Feeling hopeless about the future Feeling depressed and sad Worrying too much about things Not at all A little Quite a bit Very much

Under-five health is poor as indicated by high IMR and undernourishment (measured by mid-upper arm circumference -

MUAC)

• 5% of children 1-3 years
• ld are malnourished

(MUAC < 12.5 cm)

• Another 4% are in the

group of vulnerable children (MUAC 12.5 - 13.4 cm)

10 20 30 40 Camp refugees in Jordan Refugees in Lebanon IMR U5MR

UNRWA clinics, private institutions most often visited after acute illness

• 11% suffered from acute illness in

the two week reference period

• 75% consulted someone, most
• ften a general practitioner (56%) or

a specialist doctor (40%)

• UNRWA’s share of the patient

stream is high

• Household income does not

influence the type of services used

• …but the 7% with health

insurance go to private hospitals more often Place of consultation and treatment Percent of the acutely ill aged 5+

10 20 30 40 50 UNRWA clinic Private clinic Private hospital PRCS hospital NGO dispensary At home

• Gov. hospital

Pharmacy

• Gov. health center

PRCS clinic

Regional differences in the availability of health services

• 36% of all patients

consulted someone in their neighbourhood

• Health services are within

easier reach for people in the southern camps …

• … who more often go to

UNRWA for consultation

(5 in 10 compared to 4 in 10 for the two other regions)

• People residing outside of

the refugee camps travel the most

Travel distance to place of consultation

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Camp North Camp South Gatherings To another or nearest locality/town Within locality/town Within neighbourhood No travel

UNRWA clearly the less expensive provider ...

• Patients from the

gatherings pay more for health services: One-half as many people in the gatherings get services for free compared to people in the camps

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Private clinic Private hospital PRCS hospital UNRWA clinic No cost 1 - 30 LL 31 - 100 LL 101 LL or more

Total consultation, medication and treatment expenses In thousand LL

… but more dissatisfaction with consultation and treatment at UNRWA clinics

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Private clinic Private hospital PRCS hospital UNRWA clinic Unsatisfied Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied Rather satisfied Very satisfied

Living Conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Camps and Gatherings in Lebanon

Housing and Infrastructure

Housing and Infrastructure

Main findings:

• Camps are not as crowded as refugee camps in Jordan and West

Bank and Gaza

• Low-income, loner and Northern region camp households inhabit lower

quality housing by several different measures

• Unstable drinking water and electric supply in camps. Garbage

disposal a large problem in gatherings

• 1/2 do not have piped drinking water
• Dissatisfaction with housing conditions is high in Northern camps
• Dissatisfaction with outdoor environment and neighborhood services

higher in gatherings than camps

Less crowding in camp refugee households in Lebanon than in camps elsewhere in the region...

Comparing crowding in refugee camps across the region:

– 28% of camp households in Lebanon compared to 34% in Jordan and 39% in the West Bank and Gaza – Partially due to smaller households in Lebanon camps

10 20 30 40 50 West Bank and Gaza Strip Jordan Lebanon 3-3.99 persons per room 4+ persons per room

Many households face infrastructure problems

• Garbage disposal a huge

problem for gathering households

• Unstable electricity supply in

more than 6 in 10 Northern camp households

• Overall 50% without drinking

water piped into dwelling

• Unstability in drinking water

supply for one-half of the camp households

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 No private bath/shower Not connected to sewage network/septic tank Garbage not collected Drinking water not piped into residence Unstable drinking water supply No room heating Unstable electricity supply Camp North Camp South Gathering

One in five household have all infrastructure amenities Poor households and the northern camps worse off

• The 7 amenities are:

private kitchen, bath or toilet in dwelling, connection to sewerage system or septic tank, connection to electricity network, piped water, and regular garbage collection

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Gathering Camp South Camp North Lower Lower Middle Middle Upper Middle Upper All amenities Lack 1 amenity Lack 2 amenities Lack 3+ amenities

Poor quality of indoor environment

• Nearly 7 out of 10 dwellings

are cold and difficult to heat in winter

• Low income, female-headed

and loner households inhabit dwellings with less physical comfort than average

• 1 in 3 households daily

experience noise so disturbing that it is difficult to have a normal conversation

Percent

20 40 60 80 Rooms are cold and difficult to heat in winter Poorly ventilated dwelling Dark and gloomy dwelling Daily very disturbing noise Gathering Camp South Camp North

Considerable dissatisfaction with neighborhood and outdoor environment

• Overall, 3 in10 are

rather or very dissatisfied with the neighborhood in which they live

• Nearly 4 out of 5

express dissatisfaction with work and business

• pportunities
• Cultural institutions a

major concern

% of households rather or very dissatisfied

20 40 60 80 Job/ business opportunities Cultural institutions Outdoor pollution Health services Safety for children Traffic Schools Public transportation Gathering Camp South Camp North

Living Conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Camps and Gatherings in Lebanon

Income: Level, Distribution and Sources

Income and poverty

• Assessed by a measure of household yearly income by

(detailed list of income) sources

• Various other indicators of economic well-being are used:

– Subjective hardship assessment – Savings & ownership of property – Household durable goods

• Main findings:
• Household incomes are low, but dispersed
• Deprived households have little human capital and weak labour

market attachment

• The economic environment is difficult

Incomes are low and the distribution is skewed

• Average yearly

income is 5,5 millions

• Two top deciles earn

half of all incomes

• Most households

rely on employment income - in particular wages

• Transfers are crucial

to the poor

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Income decile Annual average (1000 LL)

Wages Self employment Transfers Property Other

Low income diversification

• Every second

household has only

• ne income source
• Lowest income

diversification among transfer receivers and highest among “others”

• Transfers is the most

frequent secondary income source regardless of main income

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Wages Self employment Transfers Main income source Per cent of households

Wages Self employment Transfers Other

SUPPLEMENTARY INCOMES

Modest contribution from supplementary income sources

• Total household income

varies significantly by the main income type.

• Supplementary incomes

add 2%-30% to main income depending on income type

• The contribution of

supplementary incomes increases with decreasing main income

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Wages Self employment Transfers Main income source Annual household income (1000 LL) Main income Supplementary income

Little income differentiation in the labour market

• Incomes are low
• Two exceptions:

professionals/tech- nicians (high) and agriculture (low).

• Eight in ten

households assess local work and business

• pportunities as

“very bad”

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 F a r m e r s Service Craft Elementary M a c h i n e

• p

e r Technicians Professionals Agriculture Trade Transport Manufacturing Construction Community Educ/Health Monthly average (1000 LL) OCCUPATION INDUSTRY

Little regional income differentiation

• Overall income

lowest in Tripoli and Tyr

• Wages dominant

in Beirut and Saida

• Compensation by

self-employment in the Bequa’a and in Tripoli

• Transfers in all

regions, especially the Bequa’a

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Bequa'a Beirut Saida Tripoli Tyr Total yearly household income (1000 LL)

Wages Self-employment Transfers Property Other

Deprived households have little human capital and weak labour market attachment

INCOME DECILE 1 10 HOUSEHOLD HEAD: Single (%) 48 14 Female (%) 42 12 No education (%) 70 29 Employed 19 74 Disabled/retired (%) 50 11 HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION: Household size (average) 3,5 6,7 Singles alone (%) 27 Couple with children (%) 34 67 Sex ratio 0,8 1,4 Dependancy ratio 0,8 1,8 MEMBER'S ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: Economically active members(%) 7 33 Unemployed members (%) 6 3 Work hours last week (average) 11 101 High professionals (average) 0,7

Low affordability and few households rely

• n financial assets
• About one in ten

have savings or can replace broken furniture

• About half can eat

meat three times a week, buy new vs. second hand clothes and can raise LL 200.000

• Eight in ten own

their dwelling

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Bank savings Jamiyya Gold Can raise LL 200.000 Own house By new clothes Eat meat 3 times/week Replace broken furniture Per cent of households

Employment

Living conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Camps and Gatherings in Lebanon

Survey objectives and main findings

• Assess the size and structure of the labor force, including

economic activity, unemployment, and underemployment, using the ILO framework

• Main findings:
• Total labour force participation is low at 42 percent,

mainly due to low female participation at 17 percent

• Significant underutilization of labour:

* Unemployment is high at 16 percent and underemployment is at 13 percent. * Four in ten non-active males 25-44 have lost all hopes of finding a job.

• Significant labour market segmentation between

males and females and between regions

Early exit for males and low overall participation for females

• Male participation

not exceeding 90%

• Female participation

low at all ages.

• Males leave the

labour market early...

• …while females are

slow to enter

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70+ Per cent of age group Male Female

Low labor force participation

• Low overall labour

force participation rate at 42%

• Mainly caused by

low female participation rate (17 %)

• Overall

unemployment is high at 16 % (of labour force)

Labour force classification by gender

0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % Male Female Total Not in labour force Unemployed Employed

Studies, health and discouragement are major causes of non-participation for men

• Half of the inactive

men age 25-44 report sickness or disability

• Nearly 40 % of the

inactive between 25 - 44 have lost hope of finding a job

• The young are

students

• The old are sick,

disabled or retired

Reasons for non-participation, men, by age

0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % 15-24 25-44 45+

Other Retired Disabled Full-time student Lost hope

Housework is the main reason for non- participation among women

• Nine in ten non-active 25-

44 year olds are housewives

• Social restrictions also

important: 14 % below 25 and 7% aged 25-44 cite this reason

• As for men, health

reasons are important among the old, studies among the young

Reasons for non-participation, women

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % 15-24 25-44 4 5 +

Other Social restrictions Disabled / retired Housewife Full-time student Lost hope

High unemployment rates among the young

• Unemployment

decreasing with age for both genders

• Gender disparity due

to high unemploy- ment among youngest females

• Moreover:
• Education has no effect
• n average
• Unemployment higher in

Beirut (26%) than elsewhere

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55 and above Age Per cent of labour force Male Female

Lowest working hours reflect high rate of underemployment

• Half of employed work

more than 40 hours

• Underemployment high

at 13%.

• Highest

underemployment among males working less than 30 hours.

• Underemployment

highest in agriculture and construction

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90+ Weekly work hours Per cent of work hour category 5 1 1 5 2 2 5 3 Per cent of active male/female Male underempl. Female underempl. Male Female

Significant regional differentiation across industries

• Beirut, Tripoli & Saida:

Manufacture, construction and trade

• Tyr: Agriculture
• Bequa’a: Education

and health

• Few in transport and

finance - no one in public administration

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Agriculture Manufacture Construction Trade Transport Finance Publ.admin Edu/Health/Soc. Community

Beirut Tripoli Bequa'a Saida Tyr

Significant gender differentiation across industries

• Half of males in

trade and construction

• Three in ten

women in trade, education, health or other social services

Industry structure of employment

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 Agriculture Manufacturing and mining Construction Trade Transport Educ/health/adm Community services and other

Female Male

Labour markets outside the camp/gathering are important

• More than half

work outside their camp/gathering

• And the other half

mainly works in the camp/gathering where they live

• Women are more

inclined to work in their camp/gathering

Place of work for camp-dwellers 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Same camp Other camp or gathering Non-camp Male Female

Living Conditions Survey Among Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon

Social participation

Social participation

• Information on attitudes and social participation was

collected from one randomly selected adult in each household Main findings:

• Marked gender differences in all aspects of social

participation

• Men consume more news and are more often

members of organisations

• Women, and in particular young unmarried women,

have quite limited freedom of movement

Low organisational participation

• 6% are members of an
• rganisation (women,

youth, social, sports, cultural, religious)

• Slightly higher activity in

the north

• Participation increases

with household income

• Men more active than

women

• The young more active

than the old

Region Income quintile Age group Persons who are members of at least one organisation

5 10 15

< 30 > 44 Highest Lowest Camp North Gathering Camp South Women Men

A majority follows news daily through modern mass media, but some variation according to type of media

• Overall, nearly 6 in 10 read

newspapers or get news through TV or radio every day

• Men with higher education

consume most news, while lower educated women consume the least

• TV newswas by far the most

common source for news:

• 38% men and 32% women

receive news from TV only

20 40 60 80

Men Women Secondary or higher Basic Less than basic

Newspaper yesterday Radio news yesterday TV news yesterday

Percent

Well-educated women believe in higher female participation in the public sphere, while the young uneducated men show little support

? Women are clearly more supportive to female participation in public life than men ? Older people are more positive than the younger generation, and men below 30 are the most hostile ? People’s attitudes to female public participation get more positive with more education

Percent who answer yes to all 8 indicators of women’s participation in public life: work outside of home, higher education, vote in elections, be a minister etc.

Age groups Education

20 40 60 80 Less than basic Basic Sec or higher < 30 30-44 > 44 Women Men

Women’s ability to move around at will is reduced by distance to place of visit and marital status

• The young and unmarried

women the less mobile:

• 34% of the unmarried

women under 30 cannot go alone to the local market compared to 16% of the married women below 30, and

• 23% versus 38% cannot

visit neighbours residing in the same are or town

• Education and income

have little effect

20 40 60 80 100 Visit realtives abroad Visit realtives

• ut of town

Visit the doctor Visit realtives in town Local market Neighbours Married Not married

Percent women who cannot visit certain places on their own, by marriage status

Living Conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Camps and Gatherings in Lebanon

Migration and geographic mobility

Migration and geographic mobility

• Migration is usually selective by age and sex, and is also

income-dependent

• Present summary measures:

– Life-time migration (place of birth & current place) – Period migration (place in 1995 & current place) – Labor migration (Gulf returnee & work abroad) – Complete migration history (15 years & over)

• Data limitations: Only summary codes for other

localities in Lebanon; coverage restricted to populations in camps and gatherings.

• Main finding: The refugee population is quite mobile.

Recent movers are generally younger and better off economically.

A mobile population

• Nearly 40% were

born elsewhere (in Lebanon or abroad)

• However,

international migration is relatively low

• About 4% are

returnees from the Gulf

10 20 30 40 50 Life-time Internal (since 94) International (since 94) Gulf returnee

Percent

About one out of ten was born in Mandatory Palestine/Israel

• Otherwise,

there is little international migration

10 20 30 40 Beirut Tripoli Bekaa Saida Tyre Palestine Other countries Percent Place in 1994 Birth place

About 6 out of every 10 adults migrated at one point in their life

• Women are more

likely to be movers than men

• They are also more

likely to make additional moves

• Data are limited to

those living in camps & gatherings

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5+ Number of moves Percent Female Male

The gatherings’ adults are more mobile

• The non-camp

populations are more likely to make additional moves compared to the

• ther two regions
• Adults in the

Southern camps are the least mobile

10 20 30 40 50 60 1 2 3 4 5+ Number of moves Percent Camp North Camp South Gathering

The majority of moves originate in Lebanon

20 40 60 Beirut Tripoli Bekaa Saida Tyre Palestine Other countries Percent Origin Destination

War and security are the most important reasons (47%) given for moving overall

• .. But less so

in the 1990s

• Increasing

importance of housing, work, & marriage in the 1990s

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % < 66 67-79 80-89 90-99 Work Housing Facilities Study Marriage /family War/security Other

Movers have higher socio-economic status

• ... and higher

education

• But they are

more likely to be unemployed compared to stayers

20 40 Below elementary Secondary+ Professionals Craft workers Agricultural workers Low wealth Unemployed Percent

Mover Stayer

Nearly 80% of households have close relatives living abroad

• This is larger than the

refugee population in Jordan (60%)

• The Northern camps

are slightly more likely to – but regional differences are small

81,1 76,9 79,6 20 40 60 80 100

Camp North Camp South Gathering Percent

One out of two households has a close relative in Europe

• ... one out of 3

has a close relative in the Gulf

• And one out of 5

in Syria

• Only 4% of

households have a relative in West Bank/Gaza or Israel

10 20 30 40 50 60 West Bank/Gaza Israel Jordan Syria Gulf countries US/Canada Europe Other Percent

Population & demographic characteristics

Living Conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Camps and Gatherings in Lebanon

Population & demographic characteristics

• Population patterns are of interest for their own sake

(overall growth or decline of numbers)

• But they also shed light on other social and

economic changes (labor market, poverty, etc.)

• Purpose: Describe age-sex structure, fertility, and

mortality

• Main results: The demographic transition is well

underway (low levels of fertility and mortality), but the refugee populations have higher fertility and mortality levels than the Lebanese

Rapid fertility decline is evident, but the age distribution is clearly distorted by migration

Males Females

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0- 4 10-14 20-24 30-34 40-44 50-54 60-64 70-74 80-84

Fertility levels are relatively low – compared to Palestinian ”sisters” elsewhere

• Women are making

an average of three children

• - Still higher than
• ther women in

Lebanon (2.5)

• Marital fertility is

still high (6.3)

• But, fertility has

been declining rapidly in all regions

2 4 6 8 87-90 91-94 95-98 Total fertility TFR MTFR

The fertility decline is rapid across all ages

• ... but

especially so among women aged 20-29 years

• The age pattern

indicates use of contraceptives (CPR is 66%)

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Age Fertility Rate

1987-90 1995-98

1991-94

Mortality levels are low

• But they are

higher than expected.

• Infant and under

5 mortality rates are 32 & 37 per 1000 births, respectively.

• Mortality has

been declining

20 40 60 1989-93 1994-98 Rate IMR U5MR