Life Cycle Assessment of nanoparticle production Martin Slotte, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

FP7 European Union Funding for Research & Innovation Life Cycle Assessment of nanoparticle production Martin Slotte, Laboratory of Thermal and Flow Engineering Faculty of Sciences and Technology Åbo Akademi University www.buonapart ‐ e.eu

Outline • Life cycle assessment of production of metallic nanoparticles – Life cycle assessment in brief and method used – System boundaries for the study – Production of metallic nanoparticles Ag, Cu, Zn and Al – Case study of Zinc nanoparticles in polypropylene FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Task 6.2 Cradle ‐ to – gate life cycle assessment (LCA) LCA using SIMAPRO 7.3 software Stages considered so far : – metal production (data: Ecoinvent 2.2, industry) Use of – electricity production (data: Ecoinvent 2.2) resources – metal NP production (data: project partners) – products containing metal NP (data: Ecoinvent 2.2, project partners) Cradle ‐ to ‐ gate; not considered: – metal NP (product) waste handling Generation of Use of Metals so far : Ag, Cu, Zn, Al, (Ni) waste, toxics energy – pollution metal NP production – comparison spark/arc ↔ “wet” NP production processes – NP (Cu, Ag, Zn) in selected product applications FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

LCA of metal NP production LCA environmental indicators: A ‐ Air and Climate C – Soil ‐ Global warming ‐ Land use ‐ Acidification potential ‐ Ecosystem damage potential ‐ Photochemical Ozone creation potential ‐ Terrestrial ecotoxicity potential ‐ Ozone depleting potential D ‐ Resources ‐ Human Toxicity potential ‐ Abiotic resource depletion B ‐ Water ‐ Non ‐ hazardous waste landfilled ‐ Radioactive waste landfilled ‐ Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential ‐ Hazardous waste landfilled ‐ Marine aquatic ecotoxity potential ‐ Eutrophication potential Metal production from ore & purification; electricity production; carrier gas production: SimaPro Efficiency of NP production and specific electricity consumption: project data FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Nanoparticle Production Arc/Spark Impact2002+ (EPFL) FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Nanoparticle Production Arc/Spark Scheme for electric arc/spark reactor setup FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Chemical reduction method for producing nano ‐ particulate Ag • Silver nitrate solution is reduced to metallic silver using a sodium borohydride solution [3] • � � � � � [3] Lee P. C., et al. , Adsorption and Surface-Enhanced Raman of Dyes on Silver and Gold Sols . J Phys Chem 1982, 3391 ‐ 3395. FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

NP Silver Data: UDE May 2014 FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

UDE arc vs TUD spark Silver NPs (theoretical 100% material yield) FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Chemical reduction method for producing nano ‐ particulate Cu • Copper dodecyl sulfate (Cu(DS) 2 ) reduced with sodium borohydrate, � , in aqueous solution [2] • �� �� � � � [2] Lisiecki I., et al. Control of the Shape and the Size of Copper Metallic Particles. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 4160-4166 FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

NP Copper Data: UDE May 2014 FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

UDE arc vs TUD spark Copper NPs (theoretical 100% material yield) FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Chemical reduction method for producing nano ‐ particulate Zn • Reaction of zinc chloride with lithium borohydride [4] • � � �� �� � �� [4] Ghanta S. R., et al., Single-pot synthesis of zinc nanoparticles, borane (BH3) and closo-dodecaborate (B12H12)2− using LiBH4 under mild conditions . Dalton Trans., 2013, 42, 8420 FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

NP Zinc Data: UDE May 2014 FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

UDE arc vs TUD spark Zinc NPs (theoretical 100% material yield) FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

NP Aluminum Data: UDE May 2014 FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Case studies in the Buonapart ‐ e project • Nanoparticulate zinc integration in polypropylene • Nanoparticulate copper in water suspension ‐ as cooling agent • Nanoparticulate silver integrated in textiles FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Production of nanoparticulate zinc • Assumptions for LCA (UDE mOSU) – Pure metallic zinc is shipped by containership to the NP production plant – Liquid argon is shipped by truck and used as carrier gas – Electricity is Spanish grid mix for consumers < 1kV FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

LCI of NP zinc production FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Nanoparticulate Zn integration in polypropylene • NP’s produced with arc discharge in nitrogen atmosphere (MNL OSU) • Project partner data AIT – NP’s mixed with PP using twin screw extruder – NP loading 0.1 ‐ 5 % by weight – Power need: 200 kWh per 500 kg product • Assumptions for LCA – PP is produced off ‐ site ‐ shipped 500 km by truck – NPs are produced on ‐ site ‐ no shipping – Electricity is Spanish grid mix for consumers < 1kV FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Nanoparticulate Zn 5 % ‐ wt integration in polypropylene FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Nanoparticulate Zn 2.5 % ‐ wt integration in polypropylene FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Nanoparticulate Zn 0.1 % ‐ wt integration in polypropylene FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Nanoparticulate Zn 5 % ‐ wt integration in polypropylene FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Nanoparticulate Zn 0.1 % ‐ wt integration in polypropylene FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

Conclusions • LCA is a good tool to compare different processes • Hard to get data suitable for doing LCA studies • The dry arc/spark process is better or comparable to the wet processes in most cases • The LCI of the nanocomposite is largely dependent on the nanoparticle concentration FP7 www.buonapart ‐ e.eu European Union Funding for Research & Innovation

FP7 European Union Funding for Research & Innovation Thank you! www.buonapart ‐ e.eu