[PPT] - LESSONS WE LEARNED mmer Scho mmer Scho OPEANIZATION OPEANIZATION PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

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The Domestic The Domestic Europeanization of Europeanization of Employment Policy Employment Policy

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Effects, Mechanisms and Actors Effects, Mechanisms and Actors in the process of institutional change in the process of institutional change

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S t d A t 29 S t d A t 29th

th 2009

2009

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Saturday, August 29 Saturday, August 29th

th 2009

2009 Plan of the talk Plan of the talk

Res mé

Resumé

– (personal) lessons from the lectures and your papers for Europeanization discourse

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p

making sense (sociologically speaking) of Europeanization

– propose a theoretical foundation

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– what are the underlying mechanisms and processes – (theoretically) generalize findings (?)

fi di l

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my findings as an example

– (Zirra 2009(?), Die Europäisierung nationaler Beschäftigungspolitik (The domestic Europeanization of

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g g p ( p Employment Policy)

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lessons for crisis?

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LESSONS WE LEARNED

Resuming papers and presentations

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Hans Michael Trautwein Hans-Michael Trautwein

QUERU

QUERU

– Flexicurity and activation may contribute to reduce the rate of Quasi Equilibrium Rate of Unemployment.

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q p y need for institutional reform particularly in Contitental and southern Europe  d t t k i t t th l b k t i tit ti l

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need to take into account the non-labour market institutional spheres that influence the employment rate.

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– QUERU-Strategy only necessary in prosperous situation?

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SLIDE 2

Martin Heidenreich Challenges of Continental Emplyoment Regimes

inclusive vs. exclusive labour market regimes

– Continental and Southern European (as well as CEE) countries face the problems of segmented labour markets – duality of labour law, social security along paterns for different groups in society

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society

modern employment policy‘s aim

– integrate social security and equal opportunity for all citizens

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– with high employment rate and sustainable growth

towards an integrated employment policy

– adabtability (flexibility) of the labour market

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– social security funded by taxes (instead of contribution based) – aktivating labour market policy – asks for a radical change of contemporary employment regimes

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but expectation of national/domestic blockages

– particularly in Continental, Southern and CEE countries – well organized labour market insiders, historically evolved concepts of

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well organized labour market insiders, historically evolved concepts of employment, institutional complementarities, (southern+cee: scarce

rganisational/institutional resources)

*

DE

07*

5,0 ENT POLICIES *

BE FR EL PT

ment in 200

4,0

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IT ES

nemploym

3,0 2 0

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DK SE FI NL LU AT UK IE ES

ng term un

1,0 2,0

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DK SE

lon in-work-poverty-risk in 2006**

0,0 12 10 8 6 4 14

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* * 12 10 8 6 4 14

long

DE BE EL

5,0 ENT POLICIES

term unem

BE FR PT

4,0 3 0

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mploymen

IT ES

3,0 2,0

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nt in 2007

SE FI NL LU AT UK IE ES

1,0 ,

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7*

DK R-Quadrat linear = 0,498

0,0 30 20 10 40

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participation in training 2007***

30 20 10 40

US CH DK NL

80,0 ENT POLICIES

UK CA NZ AU IE CZ PT DE AT FI SE

in 2000*

70,0

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IE CZ PL BE ES FR

ment rate

60,0

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PL IT TR EL

employm

50,0

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R-Quadrat linear = 0,461

3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 4,0 40,0

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regulation of the labour market at the end of the 1990ies**

3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 4,0

SLIDE 3

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Converging Divergences,

r diverging Convergences?

uivalent) *

DK PT

70,0

DK FI PT SE

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UK

l time equ d 2007

SE FI AT

65,0

AT UK IE PT ES

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ate (in full 2000 and

DE NL BE LU FR IE DE NL BE LU FR EL ES

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loyment ra in

EL IT ES

55,0

IT

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emp t i k ( ft i l t f )**

IT

21,0 18,0 15,0 12,0 9,0 50,0

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poverty risk (after social transfer)** in 2000 and 2006

E l i i W E Employment regimes in Western Europe - but Model of CEE countries remains unclear

high low Wage Replacement Benefits high

Policy

low Wage Replacement Benefits ing collective individual Responsibility for (un-)employment

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Nordic/ Social Democratic Anglo-Saxon/ Liberal

e low n activati cy high eq

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employment segmentatio r Market Poli ual opportun mmer Scho

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Continental/ Conservative Mediterranean/ Particularistic

rate legal s ing Labour low nities CETRO Sum

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in work poverty risk high passivati

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Effects

Jonathan Zeitlin Jonathan Zeitlin

OMC j st an e treme e ample of broader methodological

OMC just an extreme example of broader methodological

problems assessing the causal impact of Europeanization research and institutional change in general.

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g g

– asks for a combination of research strategies

consider OMC in terms of a two-way interaction rather than
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ne-way causal impact

– uploading and downloading

relevance of research on Europeanization for future design

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relevance of research on Europeanization for future design
f Lisbon architecture

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proposed new Post-2010 Lisbon architecture

– overarching umbrella of Lisbon strategy ‘ nderneath’ social emplo ment en ironmental economic

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– ‘underneath’ social, employment, environmental, economic OMCs

SLIDE 4

Daniel Clegg Daniel Clegg

Q estions alidit of different regimes

Questions validity of different regimes

– ungrounded statism in UK and – ungrounded anti-statism and localism in F

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ungrounded anti statism and localism in F

different kinds of reform in different contexts

– proposed typology by investment and efficiency

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– EES aims to integrate high-investment and high-efficiency regimes?

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Paolo Graziano Paolo Graziano

development of a coherent overall design of the study

development of a coherent overall design of the study

– argue why that is so – respond to the inherent problems of attributing changes to Europe

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(of all institutional analysis)

respond to the threat of ecological fallacy
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respond to the threat of ecological fallacy

– if only on the makro level or quantitative

to assume ‘if they do something similar to what Brussels want (sic!),

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y g ( ), they must be doing it because of Brussels’ (Radaelli/Pasquier 2007: 40)

– reconstruction on the micro/ meso level:

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reconstruction on the micro/ meso level:

actor centred (Coleman 1991)

– ‘The usage of Europeanization’

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(Sophie Jacquot/Cornelia Woll 2003)

methodological choices methodological choices

q alitati e case st d

qualitative case study:

– if looking on the mechanisms of reflexive constitution of European ressources

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p – but in order to ‚test‘ hypotheses comparative design or choosing particular ‚crucial‘ cases

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theoretically grounded case selection

be clear about the rational

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– be clear about the rational – ‚most-similar‘ or ‚most different‘ – are you looking for similarities or differences?

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y g

be clear about your structure

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Hélène Caune

The Result of Assessment, Comparison and Imitation

The definition of the EU flexicurity model

The definition of the EU flexicurity model

– example for the production of legitimate, justified and administrative engagement of the EU level

political usage of scientific expertise  legitimization

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political usage of scientific expertise  legitimization
mimicking of instruments and policy analysis  justification
benchmarking exercises as dispositive  creation of epistemic

communities new power distribution

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communities, new power distribution  Europeanization has a cognitive, normative and strategic component

– leaves enough leeway for domestic re-interpretation

can be adapted (appropriated) to different welfare regimes

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can be adapted (appropriated) to different welfare regimes

– The commission as skilled actor (institutional entrepreneur)

“(I)f the OMC creates any effects on national systems, it is not because of its constraining

character ( ) but rather because of its capacity to articulate different registers of political CETRO Sum

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character (…), but rather because of its capacity to articulate different registers of political

domination. These idioms of contemporary power are translated and transferred by

Europeanised epistemic communities (…). Through (…) mediating processes sustained by these epistemic communities, the instruments (…) influence difficult welfare reforms implemented at the national level Rather than creating constraints the OMC constructs a

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SLIDE 5

epistemic closure epistemic closure

Seen in this perspecti e the recent e pansion of soft

Seen in this perspective, the recent expansion of soft

regulation in the EU in the form of the so called Open Method of Coordination (OMC) can be seen as a sign that

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( ) g the integration project has reached a phase where not only the core areas of the welfare state are directly affected (…), touching upon the very heart of national sovereignty but

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touching upon the very heart of national sovereignty, but also where increasingly dense cooperation exerts an increasingly powerful social and moral pressure on (elite)

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actors, politicians and civil servants, to adapt to a common

framework. (Jacobsson 2004b: 356)

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Anne Schüttelpelz How does EES impact national labour markets?

Is there a link between the implementation of the EES and

Is there a link between the implementation of the EES and

Member States’ employment performance?

– She shows that there is a close correlation between

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the compliance with EES’ guidelines/indicators

– ALMP spending, child care, high exit age and early new start

and employment performance
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– but this – as the author herself mentions in her conclusion – also is a good example for the problems connected with measuring the effects

f Europeanization (threat of ecological fallacy).

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Maybe quantative studies are not able to cover this aspect of

Europeanization.

Proofs the success of Nordic countries in uploading their employment

t d th bl f th t i t i l t th

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concepts and the problems for other countries to implement these as ‘blueprint’ model.

 i t t di i i f f E l t i

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 persistent division of four European employment regimes.

Patrizia Aurich

Activating the unemployed: directions and divisions

she draws on a combination of a qualitative and quantitative approach
she draws on a combination of a qualitative and quantitative approach

developing her own indicators, accounting for the scope and quality of activation in three countries (D, GB, DK). Makes o t t o ri aling goals of acti ation

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Makes out two rivaling goals of activation

– bringing individuals into work – reducing disincentives to work

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institutionalized (quasi solution) differs in terms of

– individual or collective responsibility for (un-)employment – targeting individual action or activity provisions

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The author assesses ‘diverging convergencies’

– different paths to institutional activation – actors make use of European resources within domestic contexts

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p  Move towards more coercion in all three countries but very different routes and outcomes.

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Christian Hohendanner, Eva Kopf , p

It‘s the firm, stupid!

also compares acti ating and enabling policies

also compares activating and enabling policies

– but within one country. – In distinguishing ‘production-oriented’ and ‘investment-

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In distinguishing production oriented and investment

riented’ strategies of firms the author shows, that
the form activation measures take on crucially depends on how

actors use and interpret them in the everyday social practice

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actors use and interpret them in the everyday social practice rather than on their legal purpose.

Need to be very careful in international comparison of l t i N t t k l lit ll b t t d h

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employment regimes. Not take law literally but study how actors make use of this resource! – What strategies, intentions, interpretations of actors are

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g , , p associated to this?

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SLIDE 6

Karolina Sztandar-Sztanderska Everyday Life of Europeanization

– not to take “legal possibilities for real practices” (p 6) – not to take legal possibilities for real practices (p. 6)

Her analysis of activation in PES in Poland starts with a puzzle

– general hypothesis was that poor performance of Polish PES was due to lacking financial and organisational capacities

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lacking financial and organisational capacities.

1. So what happens when ESF grants (financial) resources?
problems became even more severe
particularly challenging in districts with good labour market situation.
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particularly challenging in districts with good labour market situation.

2. How to make sense of the ‘dead-letter-world’ in CEEs?

 Interesting approach: take daily practice seriously and don’t treat it as deviant from an imagined ‘best practice model’.

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g p  New resources are adopted to old practices within PES and Employers. – Use of ESF was re-interpreted in Poland

ESF is over-centralised and subject to institutional rigidity instead of regional and

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flexible.

– but some PES ‘make use of their creativity’ and find ‘enough room to manoeuvre’

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 Need to “reintroduce institutional approach that focus(es) on uses of institutions instead of institutions per se.” (p. 14)

Milena Kremakova Milena Kremakova

analyzed EU related post communist changes in the field of employment
analyzed EU-related post-communist changes in the field of employment

comparing different modes of Europeanization within one country, within one – rather exotic – sector.

– elaborate most-similar design approach

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g pp

using a capability approach

– EU-incentives (ESF) is not only about creating individual capabilities (employability) but also organizational capabilities

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superficial Europeanization (world of dead letter, Falkner et al. 2005, 2008)

– EU as reference point/ justification of national reforms (even when not directly linked to EU)

EU creating change in local practices

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EU creating change in local practices

– (un-)creative use of European resources by domestic actors according to their pre- existing, national understanding. – but also actors fear more responsibility CETRO Sum

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Decentralization tools of EU used for more centralization leaving too little task

discretion for local actors.

– in order to ‘order’ the reforms and practices after the dynamics of transformation

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 reproduction of centralized bureaucratic practices by domestic interpretation  reproduction of domestic ‘images’ (cognitive institutions) of PES

Sebastian Künzel Sebastian Künzel

anal es the f ndamental reorgani ation of social elfare

analyzes the fundamental reorganization of social welfare

and unemployment assistance in Germany

– decentralization (also) due to European lessons?

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( ) p – How do local actors cope with need of integrated employment and social policy approach? Wh t i ti l t t i d th d l ?

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– What organizational strategies do they develop? – broad empirical evidence. – While three of his cases face severe problems in their staff-

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While three of his cases face severe problems in their staff , instrumental- and steering policy/ capabilities one actor is much more succesful.

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– (open question) Why are some actors more successful than

thers?

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Markku Sippola Markku Sippola

hard‘ la faces the same problems and is s bject to

‚hard‘ law faces the same problems and is subject to

domestic interpretation just as so called ‘soft’ law

– contrasts use of works councils and unions involvement in

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Baltic subsidies of Nordic (Swedish and Finish) firms. – works councils used to undermine the status of trade unions “E di ti i t d i th ti l t t

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– “European directives are appropriated in the national context in a way they have different and varying effects to their

riginal purpose.” (p. 1)

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– “Nordic firms in the Baltic manufacturing sector are more likely to use ad-hoc strategies rather than the one-to-one model transfer or hybridisation of country-of-origin and host country

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transfer or hybridisation of country of origin and host country practice”. (p.3)

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SLIDE 7

Robert Asomadu-Kyreme Social Security Discourse in Ghana

sho s that ‘E ropeani ation’ does not necessaril mean

shows that ‘Europeanization’ does not necessarily mean

‘EU-inization’

refers to the international dimension of Europeanization

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refers to the international dimension of Europeanization

– (cf. ‘Americanization’) – historically evolved European institutions can also be used as

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(discursive) resource in other world-regions – but: need to adopt them to the local context!

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Cornelia Fraune Cornelia Fraune

compares the politics of social concertation in German

compares the politics of social concertation in Germany

and the Netherlands

– contrasts three modes of coordination

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hierarchy (bureaucracy/state)
exchange (market)

ti ( i il i t )

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cooperation(civil society)
H0: It depends foremost on the interests of the actors what

mode emerges within tripartite negotiations.

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mode emerges within tripartite negotiations.

– in Germany the dominant mode of coordination was bargaining due to diffuse interest of member organizations. NO consensus on paradigms and interest

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NO consensus on paradigms and interest. – in the Netherlands concertation was possible (why?)

pen question: role of institutional legacy?

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pen question: role of institutional legacy?

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MAKING (THEORETICAL)

Reintroducing Agency to Neo-Institutionalism

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( ) SENSE OF EUROPEANIZATION

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main assumptions main assumptions

no reason to expect direct ‘top down’ Europeanization+
no reason to expect direct top-down Europeanization+

– OMC: but individual actors may learn (Zeitlin/Sabel 2005)

epistemic community (Jacobsson/Vifell 2007, Jacobsson 2004)

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– but many national actors involved in formulating employment policy  domestic institutions ‘filter’ the creative appropriation of EU resources

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Europeanization as dialectics of

institutional closure and institutional opening

t id d

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– two-sided process

interplay of European and domestic arenas

– European level

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closure of an emergent, genuine, organizational field

– domestic level

the opening of domestic fields

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p g

SLIDE 8

Defining of Europeanization Defining of Europeanization

Processes of (a) constr ction (b) diff sion and (c)

Processes of (a) construction, (b) diffusion, and (c)

institutionalisation of formal and informal rules, procedures, policy paradigms, styles, ‘ways of doing things’, and shared

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p y p g , y , y g g , beliefs and norms

– which are first defined and consolidated in the making of EU public policy and politics

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public policy and politics – and then incorporated in the logic of domestic discourse, identities, political structures, and public policies. (Radaelli

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2003a: 30).

CETRO Sum

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Europeanization Europeanization

E ropeani ation affects these domestic str ct res (directl

Europeanization affects these domestic structures (directly
r indirectly) because collective and individual actors (…)

have from now access to political resources external to the

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p nation-state. (Radaelli/Pasquier 2007: 42)

They frame the kinds of interests and resources which

t bili i f f i t lf

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actors can mobilize in favour of, or against, welfare

reforms. In part, they also determine who can and who

cannot participate in the political game leading to reforms.

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p p p g g Depending on how these different variables are set, different patterns of support and opposition are likely to be encountered (Palier/Martin 2007: 544)

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encountered. (Palier/Martin 2007: 544)

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uploading uploading

E ropean polic is an arena

European policy is an arena

– within which institutions (organizations, SZ) battle for influence, drawing from resources that they enjoy in the

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, g y j y domestic arena and aiming to attain a similar or better

position. (Kassim 2000: 253f)
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“emergence and development at the European level
f distinct structures of governance, that is, of political, legal, and

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f distinct structures of governance, that is, of political, legal, and

social institutions associated with the problem solving that formalize interactions among the actors, and of policy networks specializing in the creation of authoritative European rules” (Risse et al. 2001: 3).

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p ( )

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Downloading Downloading

European institutions “become a reference point in domestic

political action” (Radaelli/Pasquier 2007: 37).

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– European organizations and rules are increasingly taken for granted and structure the behavior of national actors. (Vink/Graziano 2007: 14)

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) – “incremental process re-orienting the direction and shape of politics to the degree that EU political and economic dynamics become part

f the organisational logic of national politics and policy-making”

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g g p p y g (Ladrech 1994: 70). – Since EU institutions or policies provide (…) new resources to national actors, the national political domain needs to be investigated

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national actors, the national political domain needs to be investigated in a broad sense to properly understand the dynamics of change caused by Europeanization. (Vink/Graziano 2007: 11)

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SLIDE 9

duality of structure from neo-institutionalist perspective

Q estion for the basic mechanisms responsible for

Question for the basic mechanisms responsible for

– processes of institutional closure (European level) – and institutional change (domestic level)

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and institutional change (domestic level)

the impacts of ‘Europe’ can only be answered by a concept

f i tit ti l h th t ll t bi

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f institutional change that allows to combine

– structure and agency, institutional order and rationally-

riented (but not intentional in their outcomes) strategies

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( ) g

therefore complementing historical institutionalism by

t t h i i t f ti ll i t d b t

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– structure changing impact of rationally-oriented, but institutionally-pre-structured agency

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Uploading and Downloading Uploading and Downloading

What Resources, EU social institutional

rder t1

cognitive institutional

rder t0

cognitive What Resources, Strategies and Mechanisms do actors use? H d th

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practice normative strategic normative strategic

downloading

How does the present institutional

rder shape these

Strategies and M h i ?

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institutional institutional

uploading g

What Resources, Strategies and Mechanisms? mmer Scho

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social institutional

rder t2

cognitive normative institutional

rder t0

cognitive normative

uploading

g Mechanisms do actors use? CETRO Sum

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Member State practice normative strategic normative strategic How does the present institutional

rder shape these

Strategies and

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The duality of institutional structure The duality of institutional structure

rganizational field

institutional order t0 institutional order t1

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social practice

What Resources cognitive (conceived problems) normative (solutions considered cognitive (conceived problems) normative (solutions considered

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What Resources, Strategies and Mechanisms do actors use? (solutions considered appropriate) strategic (relevant capacity (solutions considered appropriate) strategic (relevant capacity mmer Scho

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distribution) distribution)

in these field socially skilled actors (institutional entrepreneurs) seek to dominate

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in these field socially skilled actors (institutional entrepreneurs) seek to dominate

the definition of common goals
the socially accepted, ‘right’ –if not the only- way of doing things
and therefore increase their relevant (organizational) capacity

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in doing so, they depend on the institutionalized opportunity structure

Thre dimensions/connotations of institutions Thre dimensions/connotations of institutions

anal ticall e ma disting ish three dimensions of

analytically we may distinguish three dimensions of

institutions and institutional change

(Scott 2001, March/Olsen 1984: 743f, Giddens 1984: 29)

ENT POLICIES

( )

– changes of the perceived problems (cognitive)

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– changes of the socially accepted alternatives to solve these problems (normative)

i l l l (f l d i f l) d l l (l ) l

mmer Scho

OPEANIZATION 009

social, non-legal (formal and informal) and legal (law) rules
that define the appropriate way of doing things implicitly or

explicitly

CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

– changes in actor constellations (strategic)

change of solidified patterns of cooperation, coordination and

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g p p , conflict within an organizational field

SLIDE 10

Organizational Fields Organizational Fields

Organizations form coalitions to pursue their goals
Organizations form coalitions to pursue their goals
in doing so constitute an organizational field
increasingly orient their actions towards each other.

(DiM i /P ll 1991)

ENT POLICIES

(DiMaggio/Powell 1991)
rganisational fields are

– a distinct arena of social practice

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p – in which a delimitable/ nameable number of organisations – interacts on the basis of a shared set of institutions an thereby reproduce the specific institutional order

mmer Scho

OPEANIZATION 009

– an thereby reproduce the specific institutional order – on which they build their actions – and thereby reproduce them in a non-identical way.

CETRO Sum

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assumption

– each field is characterized by a dominant actor or coalition, towards which the other actors ascribe and expect a particular

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towards which the other actors ascribe and expect a particular relevance for the joint mission.

institutional change and the institutionalization of a new field

instit tions are considered of as solidified str ct res

institutions are considered of as solidified structures

– that pre-structure the practice in an organizational field.

Practice of organizational fields

ENT POLICIES

Practice of organizational fields

– (re-)produces the institutions in an non-identical way.

inherent need for coalition
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– the need of cooperation constitutes a field (and power relations) (micro-politics Crozier/Friedberg 1979) h j t d d th i / ti it

mmer Scho

OPEANIZATION 009

– change projects depend on the responsiveness/ connectivity to previous institutions and institutionalized practices.

instead of ‚punctuated equilibrium‘ und ,critical junctures'

CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

stead o ‚pu ctuated equ b u u d ,c t ca ju ctu es

– enduring recombination of ‘old’ and ‘new’ practices and (re-) creation of institutions (Streeck/Thelen 2005)

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the inherent momentum of innovation in field-endogenous reproduction

Three strategies/mechanisms of institutional change

Three strategies/mechanisms of institutional change

– actors have to proof their relevance (normative level)

in proposing effective solutions to the constitutive problem

ENT POLICIES

– can improve their organizational capacity to do so (strategic) – and/or try to re-define the constitutive problem in a way so they have particular capacities to solve this problem (cognitive)

ol 2009

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p p p ( g )

actors therefore try to construct institutions and organizational

capacities from neighbouring fields as a relevant resource in this

mmer Scho

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capacities from neighbouring fields as a relevant resource in this practice

CETRO Sum

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Europeanization is therefore no intentional process

– but rather an ‘unintended consequence of intentional action’ however this is true for most institutional change

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– however, this is true for most institutional change.

institutional entrepreneurs institutional entrepreneurs

to pursue these strategies actors try to introduce new – to pursue these strategies actors try to introduce new resources from neighboring fields

ENT POLICIES

– institutional entrepreneurs as skilled actors (active strategy)

(Fligstein 2001, DiMaggio 1988, Eisenstadt 1968)

use institutional structure as resource
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– ‘Europe’ ins constituted as additional resources

to the extent that this is considered ‘legitimate’ by other actors

mmer Scho

OPEANIZATION 009

CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

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SLIDE 11

th i li ti f t t ti h the implications of a structuration approach

connotation to rational-choice is misleading

connotation to rational choice is misleading

– field-endogenous construction of resources – in actors – within a given organisational context – reflexively

ENT POLICIES

referring to these ‘resources’ and thus appropriating them to the institutional order – degree of intentionality

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degree of intentionality

reflexive does not imply intentional! but refers to a practice which is

institutionalized in normative and cognitive schemata and settled in the practical (pre-discursive) consciousness of actors

mmer Scho

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the practical (pre-discursive) consciousness of actors.

CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

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The duality of institutional structure The duality of institutional structure

rganizational field

institutional order t0 institutional order t1

ENT POLICIES

social practice

What Resources cognitive (conceived problems) normative (solutions considered cognitive (conceived problems) normative (solutions considered

ol 2009

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What Resources, Strategies and Mechanisms do actors use? (solutions considered appropriate) strategic (relevant capacity (solutions considered appropriate) strategic (relevant capacity mmer Scho

OPEANIZATION 009

distribution) distribution)

in these field socially skilled actors (institutional entrepreneurs) seek to dominate

CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

in these field socially skilled actors (institutional entrepreneurs) seek to dominate

the definition of common goals
the socially accepted, ‘right’ –if not the only- way of doing things
and therefore increase their relevant (organizational) capacity

Sascha Zirra 42

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in doing so, they depend on the institutionalized opportunity structure

Uploading and Downloading Uploading and Downloading

What Resources, EU social institutional

rder t1

cognitive institutional

rder t0

cognitive What Resources, Strategies and Mechanisms do actors use? H d th

ENT POLICIES

practice normative strategic normative strategic

downloading

How does the present institutional

rder shape these

Strategies and M h i ?

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institutional institutional

uploading g

What Resources, Strategies and Mechanisms? mmer Scho

OPEANIZATION 009

social institutional

rder t2

cognitive normative institutional

rder t0

cognitive normative

uploading

g Mechanisms do actors use? CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

Member State practice normative strategic normative strategic How does the present institutional

rder shape these

Strategies and

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JM-C THE DO AUGUS Strategies and Mechanisms?

expectations and promising research questions

three expectations

three expectations

– path-dependent constitution of a European field (Hélène) – path-dependent modernization of domestic employment regimes

ENT POLICIES

(other papers) – but this Europeanization of domestic arenas

is mediated by the institutionalized cognitive, normative and strategic
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y g , g patterns within the domestic organizational field. Therefore we expect national differences.

mmer Scho

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research questions: What are the mechanisms responsible for

– the processes of institutional closure on the European level – and the constitution of a particular European institution as a relevant

CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

– and the constitution of a particular European institution as a relevant resource for domestic actors. – How to explain the differences in the mechanisms that are successful in different countries

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JM-C THE DO AUGUS

in different countries.

SLIDE 12

ENT POLICIES

EXAMPLE

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MY FINDINGS FOR GERMANY, FRANCE AND ITALY (BRIEFLY)

mmer Scho

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CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

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The puzzle of p labor market reforms between 2000-2005

biggest challenges reforms major reform areas Germany exclusion of

low qualified
women
older workers

Job-AQTIV (2001) HARTZ I-IV (2003-2005)

activation
reform of PES
focus on employability
rights and duties for jobseekers

ENT POLICIES

(2003 2005) rights and duties for jobseekers France exclusion of

young people

migrants/

Plan Cohesion Social (2004)

fight risk of in-work-poverty
subsidizing employment
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migrants/

ethnic groups

low qualified
particularly in

combination

streamlining active LMP

insertion schemes

as means of social cohesion

mmer Scho

OPEANIZATION 009

Italy exclusion of

women
young people
older workers

legge Biagi (2002-2004) a) flexibility introducing a broad variety of precarious work contracts for fringe groups

as means of insertion and

CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

immigrants/

ethnic minorities

low qualified
regional disparities

as means of insertion and combating undeclared work b) activation? completely regionalizing LMP

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social security

c) disregarding social security pillar, particularly for (a)

dominant impact dominant impact

EES resources Germany France Italy ideas, concepts re-orientation of LMP towards

persistence of ‚flexicurité à la little overall realization of exigency to reform LMP

ENT POLICIES

LMP towards activation

‚flexicurité à la francaise‘ exigency to reform LMP

LMP schemes

many implementation failures due to

improving LMP schemes

‚cherry picking‘, broad regional variety,

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domestic veto- players and institutional ‘misfit’

schemes

g y,

‘flexibilization’ at the margins power relations

strengthening strengthening inter

enabling regional LMP

mmer Scho

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power relations

strengthening coordinating role of LM department strengthening inter- ministerial co-

rdination body SGAE

enabling regional LMP and PES

CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

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traditional coordination patterns traditional coordination patterns

Germany France Italy i t i i t i l h i t l hi hi f t d inter-ministerial horizontal,

n the division level

‘hierarchy by exception’

hierarchic,

by specialized coordination body

fragmented

‘failure of coordination’

(Della Cananea 2000)

regions ‘cooperative centralist-unitarian regionalistic

ENT POLICIES

regions cooperative federalism’,

shared competences
horizontal and vertical
coordination

centralist unitarian

little competences
little coordination
(recently changing 

Daniel Sebastian)

regionalistic

many responsibilities
little coordination
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coordination
‘vertical brotherhoods’

Daniel, Sebastian)

social partners cooperative tripartite industrial relations etatistic

(comparatively)

particularistic and conflictive

mmer Scho

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strong ex-ante

reconciliation on the working-level little competences

little coordination
many competences
failure of tripartite

coordination CETRO Sum

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– Does the domestic organization of the EES reflect these patterns? – Did this influence reform outcomes?

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– Did the EES influence domestic power/coordination structure?

SLIDE 13

comparing the role of institutional entrepreneurs and reform paths

Germany France Italy Germany France Italy institutional entrepreneur working-level division

‘international LMP and

SGAE and DGEFP competing a) (economic) academic experts b) northern/central

ENT POLICIES

international LMP and encouraging job-take- up’

b) northern/central regions major reform preventive and streamlining active a) flexibility/

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j p activating LMP g LMP schemes

(subsidized work contracts)

) y adaptability at the margins b) regionalization of PES

mmer Scho

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PES effect on power structure

reduction of veto-

positions

(municipalities)

potential of better steering and programming

a) potential of improved expertise within the ministry by partially CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

(municipalities)

stronger position of

LMP department programming capacity of prime minister

y y p y incorporating academic experts b) strengthening particularly northern

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JM-C THE DO AUGUS p y regions while leaving the south to EU

Conclusion Conclusion

the use of EES by domestic institutional entrepreneurs can – the use of EES by domestic institutional entrepreneurs can contribute to explain reform paths

ENT POLICIES

– EES has provided an important resource for actors advocating reforms in the three countries

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– EES was largely organized according to pre-existing coordination patterns

mmer Scho

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– contrary to hopes of some authors (Sabel/Zeitlin 2007 and

Eberlein/Ker er 2004) I could not find major signs of opening the

CETRO Sum

OMESTIC EURO ST, 24th-30th 20

Eberlein/Kerwer 2004) I could not find major signs of opening the

domestic arena to new actors – but rather indications for a ‘Matthew-effect’

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