KAY 392 Science and Technology Policies Selected Slides COURSE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

KAY 392 Science and Technology Policies

Selected Slides

COURSE EVALUATION

• ANALYSIS REPORTS (21%)
• 3 points for each report, 7 reports in total.
• Analysis sheet is available as the 3rd page of this syllabus.
• MIDTERMS EXAM (20%)
• INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (20%)
• Due Date April 30, 2018
• FINAL EXAM (40%)

IN INDIV IVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (2 (20%) %)

Du Due Da Date Apri ril l 30 30, , 20 2018 18, on

• n Turn

rnit itin (10 (10% si simil ilarity maximum)

• Every student need to analyze a different crowdsourcing or

crowdfunding platform, either from Turkey or abroad

• Examples will be provided in class.
• Use screenshots of the website or articles from newspapers or

magazines to support your arguments.

• When you are finished, upload the assignment to Turnitin as a PPT

document saved as KAY 392-INDIVIDUAL-ASSIGNMENT-YOURNAME- SURNAME

• For example, KAY392-INDIVIDUAL-ASSIGMENT-AHMET-YILMAZ

IN INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

• The questions to be answered are (nothing else needs to be written):
• 1. What is the name and URL (website address) of your example?

When, why & by whom was it started/created? What is/are the problem(s) it aims to solve?

• 2. Is it useful, is it solving the problems it is created to solve? What are

your criteria of evaluation?

• 3. Find a real or potential positive and negative externality about this
• platform. Discuss how it can be solved/addressed.
• 4. Is there an implementation problem about this platform? How can it

be solved? Provide at least one specific suggestion for improvement.

IN INDIV IVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT EVALUATION CRIT ITERIA

• 1. Each question answered properly: -/+4 points
• 2. Spelling and grammar errors (more than 3): -4 points
• 3. Evidence/Documentation used for answers made available: -/+4

points per answer

• 4. Incorrect naming of the document: -2 points
• 5. Late submissions: Minus (-)10 points per day.
• 6. More than 10% similarity on Turnitin: -20 points
• Caution: Plagiarized reports will result in a failing grade.

Topics Included in the KAY 392 Midterm

• What is public policy? Basic concepts
• Theodolou & Kofinis, pp. 22-34.
• IT Policy
• Coopey, Richard (2004).” Information Technology Policy: Competing for the Future”, In

Richard Coopey (Ed.s), IT Policy: An International History, Oxford: Oxford U. Press. (Electronic Resource)

• Public policy analysis process & actors
• Theodolou & Kofinis, pp. 36-76.
• Examples of Private Firms Playing Roles in Science & Tech. Policies
• Technology and its effects on public policy analysis
• Turkish Information Technology Strategy and Action-Plan, 2015-2018,
• http://www.bilgitoplumu.gov.tr/en/wp-content/uploads /2016/03/Information

_Society_Strategy_and_Action_Plan_2015-2018.pdf

• CQ Reports analyzed before the midterm date

KAY 392 392

WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY? Theodolou & Kofinis, 2004: 22-34.

WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY?

• What governments choose to do or choose not to do

(Thomas Dye)

• Inaction is a policy as well.
• An analytical problem-solving and decision-making process
• Multi-disciplinary, multi-method, problem-focused and

action-oriented (Wayne Parsons)

• Minimize or Maximize something
• Decrease what is too much, increase what is too little.
• Speaking truth to power (Aaron Wildavsky)
• In pluralist democracies, speaking truths to powers
• Policy sciences of democracy (Harold Lasswell)

Nature of Public Policy Studies

• Interdisciplinary (multi-disciplinary)
• Integrates knowledge from different disciplines
• Public adm., political science, sociology, psychology, economics & management
• Multi-method
• Qualitative and quantitative
• Problem-focused, action-oriented
• Analyzes public choices & decision-making
• We expect governments to have policy

Policy Making Process Cycle

• Predecision Phase
• Problem definition
• Agenda setting
• Policy formulation
• Decision Phase
• Policy adoption
• Postdecision Phase
• Policy implementation
• Policy evaluation
• Policy change or termination

CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF PP

1. Represents both action and inaction 2. Involves both formal and informal players inside and outside government 3. Includes a variety of policy actions 4. Intentional actions to achieve a (sometimes vague) goal 5. Leads to intentional and unintentional consequences 6. The process follows predicision, decision and post decision steps

Actions in PP

• Policy actions
• Legislative
• Judicial
• Executive
• Action:
• The US decision to drop an atom bomb to Japan during World War II
• Inaction:
• The decision not to drop an atom bomb to Soviet Russia during the

Cold War

Inaction in PP

• Example: The decision to accept or not accept refugees to the European Union?
• Do we want to change the economic, political, social status-quo?
• Do we need to change the status-quo?
• Once the status-quo changes, the consequences are unclear.
• Potential consequences of action versus inaction

Intended Actions & Unintended Consequences (Externalities)

• Unintended, Unforeseen Consequences
• Externalities (Both positive & negative)
• Example: Protecting women from domestic violence means more

divorces and more husbands seeing their children less

ACTORS & STAGES OF PP

Actors Policy Design Policy Adoption Policy Implementation Policy Evaluation Government National Government Local Government Private Sector Non-governmental Actors (Lobbyists, interest groups, citizen activists) International Organizations

Media

FORMAL ACTORS

• Operate with constitutional & legal legitimacy in institutional arenas
• f policy
• Executive, legislative and judiciary
• Elected and appointed officials
• Politicians & bureaucrats
• Members of Parliament (MPs), mayors…

INFORMAL ACTORS/PLAYERS

• Experts and academics
• Lobbyists
• Citizen activists
• Political consultants
• Interest groups
• Media
• Think tanks

TYPES OF PUBLIC POLICIES

• Different typologies
• Substantive versus procedural policies
• Redistributive vs. distributive policies
• Regulatory vs. self-regulatory policies
• Material vs. symbolic policies

Substantive vs. Procedural Policies

• Substantive:
• Definition: A tangible action, with benefits & costs, advantages and

disadvantages

• Example: Constructing a nuclear plant
• Procedural
• Definition: Arranging rules, conditions and actors for action
• Example: Preparing strategic plans

Redistributive vs. Distributive Policies

• Redistributive
• Definition:Shift resources, material benefits, rights and privilidges among

various segments of the population

• Creates «winners» at the expense of «losers»
• Example: Urban transformation
• Distributive:
• Definition: Assignment of goods and services to target populations specified

by the government

• Example: Agricultural subsidies, material aids to the poor, elderly etc.

Regulatory vs. Self-regulatory Policies

• Regulatory:
• Definition: Governmentally mandated rules on

the actions of specific target populations

• Example: Airline safety regulations, environmental

protection rules (Volkswagen case in lying about CO2 emissions)

• Self-regulatory
• Definition: An attempt to self-manage rules

that restrict or control the behavior by the target population itself

• Example: Professional standards, for attorneys,

doctors, etc.

Material vs. Symbolic Policies

• Material:
• Definition: Provide tangible benefits or power to their beneficiaries, or

impose real disadvantages on affected parties

• Example: Monetary support for parents, who would like to send their kids to private

schools (school vouchers)

• Symbolic:
• Definition: Principally rhetorical and seek to inform or persuade populations
• Attempt to appeal to emotions
• Example: Speech calling for World peace

Where did public policy come from?-1

• Explanation 1: Since the emergence of organized societies
• After the division of labor regarding the rulers and the ruled, rulers needed

advice.

• Advisors beginning from ancient China, Egypt and India
• Wazir: the ones who help carry the load
• Oral and written advice.
• No real data collecton and analysis
• Mostly experience-based

Where did public policy come from?-2

• Explanation 2: Late 1700s, Early 1800s
• French Revolution
• Enlightenment
• Industrial Revolution
• Migration to cities and urbanization
• How to solve the problems of urbanization?
• Crime, education, health, infrastructure…
• Systematic data collection and simple data analysis

Where did public policy come from?-3

• Explanation 3- During and After the second World War, in the US and

its allies

• Systematic data collection and complicated data analysis
• Statistics, mathematical models, operations research…
• Uses spread into the civilian domain after the War

How did public policy emerge? All 3 Explanations

Explanation Data Collection Data Analysis Policy is Based On Explanation 1: Since the emergence of

• rganized societies

Almost none Almost none Mostly experience transmission Explanation 2: Since the Industrial Revolution Systematic data collection No complicated analysis Scientific analysis Explanation 3: During and After the second World War, in the US and its allies Systematic data collection Statistics, mathematical models,

• perations

research Advanced methods of scientific analysis

KAY 392

In Information Technology Policy: Competing for th the Future

Coopey, Richard (2004). «Information Technology Policy: Competing for the Future», In Richard Coopey (Ed.), IT Policy: An International History, Oxford: Oxford U. Press, p. 1-23.

Information Technology Policy: Competing for the Future

• Industrialization
• Modernization
• Global Competition
• Economic
• Military
• Political

IT Policy: Competing for the Future

• Rise of science and technology
• Crises such as global warming
• Due to fossil-based fuels
• Reconstruction efforts after wars
• and use of technology in these efforts in
• US
• Germany
• Japan

This is sculp lpture in in Berlin is called “Politicians discussing global warming.”

IT Policy: Competing for the Future

• Globalization vs. Regionalization
• Alliances
• EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, MERCOSUR
• The role of innovation in competition

IT Policy: Competing for the Future

• Government’s sponsorship, support of technological innovation
• Level of government intervention
• «Hands on» and «hands off» approaches
• National champions
• R&D Firms: IBM, Google, Philips
• National Research Programs
• Japan: MITI (Ministry of Technology)
• Turkey: TÜBA, TÜBİTAK

IT Policy: Competing for the Future

• Role of the military
• Military policy and economic strength and ambitions
• The Role of Pentagon
• Importance of military contracts for IT firms
• E.g. SpaceX Rocket Launch Contracts

President Erdoğan’s Speech in in th the In International Science and Technology Conference October 3, , 2016

http://www.milliyet.com.tr/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-konusuyor-siyaset-2320659/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Edya5iXt4cc

Turkey’s Objectives in Science and Technology

• Increase in exports
• Strengthening the culture of innovation

Specific Objectives

• Increasing the ratio of high tech products in exports to more than

50%

• Establishing the culture of innovation both for individuals and
• rganizations
• Turkey having at least 10 global brands, as the first step
• What are the global brands that came out of Turkey so far?
• In which areas can Turkey produce global brands?

Benefits

• Technological independence
• For example, in military technologies
• Specific example:
• Past problems with the US and Israel regarding drone purchases (and maintenance)

Criteria

• Should we look at outcomes or impacts in science and technology

policies?

• Research and Development (R&D) share in GNDP
• Outcome or impact?
• Number of technopolises?
• Outcome or impact?
• Number of R&D centers- -
• Outcome or impact?

Achievements

• Turkey managed to produce drones with and without ammunition.
• The number of technopolises are increased from 2 to 63.
• The number of R&D centers has risen to 223.
• Turkey is able to produce
• Armed personnel carriers.
• Attack helicopters
• Guided missiles, etc.

Examples

• International
• Tesla
• SolarCity
• SpaceX
• Google
• National
• BAYKAR
• Bayraktar İHA/Drone

EXPLANATIONS FOR THE ANALYSIS REPORTS ASSIGNMENT (21%)

• What is it?
• 1. Download and read the CQ Researcher Report for that week (list of topics is

available on the syllabus)

• http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/ (AVAILABLE FROM CAMPUS)
• CQ Researcher Tutorial Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-My7q6bxCRs&feature=youtu.be
• 2. Fill out the analysis form (3rd Page of the Syllabus), for each week.
• 3. Print it out, bring it to class and give it to the instructor.
• 4. The first analysis example (Dark Web Report) will be given by the instructor

in class on March 12 and it will not be graded.

EXPLANATIONS FOR THE ANALYSIS REPORTS ASSIGNMENT (21%)

• Evaluation Criteria and Further Details
• 1. 3 points for each report analysis (3x7=21 points) between March

19 & May 14.

• 2. The analysis forms will be collected at the beginning of each

class.

• 3. Late, hand-written, e-mailed submissions, and submissions by

friends are not accepted.

KAY 392

Policy-Making Actors Theodolou & Kofinis, 2004: 55-75.

ACTORS OF THE PUBLIC POLICY PROCESS

• Government
• Private Sector
• 3rd Sector (NGOs, NPOs)
• Citizens
• International organizations
• Media (Traditional and new)
• Lobbyists
• Think tanks

POWER/INFLUENCE OF ACTORS

POWER/INFLUENCE

POWER/INFLUENCE ON ISSUES ONE ISSUE MULTIPLE ISSUES POWER/INFLUENCE OVER PROCESS ONE POINT IN THE POLICY PROCESS ACTORS INFLUENTIAL ON ONE ISSUE AT ONE POINT ACTORS INFLUENTIAL ON MANY ISSUES AT ONE POINT MULTIPLE POINTS ACTORS INFLUENTIAL ON ONE ISSUE AT MULTIPLE POINTS ACTORS INFLUENTIAL ON MULTIPLE ISSUES AT ONE POINT Source: Theodolou & Kofinis, 2004: 55.

POWER/INFLUENCE OF ACTORS

STAGE OF POLICY PROCESS

INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS NON-INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS

Parliament President Prime Minister & the Cabinet Courts Bureaucracy Public Interest Groups Lobbyists Media Think Tanks Problem Identification Agenda Setting Policy Formulation Policy adoption Implementati

• n

Evaluation Policy change/ termination

Source: Theodolou & Kofinis, 2004: 56.

IDENTITY OF ACTORS

IDENTITY

INSTITUTIONALITY INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS NON-INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS CONSTITUTIONALITY CONSTITUTIONAL ACTORS PARLIAMENT PRESIDENT MINISTRIES BUREAUCRACY NON-CONSTITUTIONAL ACTORS CITIZENS LOBBYISTS INTEREST GROUPS THINK TANKS Source: Theodolou & Kofinis, 2004: 55.

Government (Levels)

• Federal Systems (United States, Germany, Russia…)
• Federal Government Level
• State Government Level (California, Florida…)
• Local Government Level
• Unitary Systems (Turkey, France…)
• National Government Level
• Local Government Level (Municipalities, villages)
• Systems with Regions (Spain…)
• National Government Level
• Regional Government Level (Catalonia, Basque Region…)
• Local Government Level

Government (Separation of Powers)

• Legislature
• One chamber (Turkish Parliament) vs. Two chambers (Senate and House of

Representatives in the US)

• Legislative Commitees
• Judiciary
• Hierarchy of Norms
• Executive
• President
• Prime Ministry and the Cabinet

Members of Parliament (MPs)

• Channels of effect on public policies
• Law-making/legislative process
• Representation of their voters
• Oversight of government agencies
• Through budgets

Parliamentary Commissions and Their Staff

• Experts helping the members of the Parliament

Influence of Lobbyists

• Elements of Lobbyists’ Influence
• Experience
• Years in the advocacy profession
• Access
• Close Professional and personal relationships with people
• Expertise
• Level of knowledge and skill in understanding the policy process and develop winning

strategies

• Resources
• Money and capabilities available to the lobbyist
• Character
• Integrity of character?

Source: Theodolou & Kofinis, 2004: 70-71.

Media

• Importance: «Information is power»
• Constant Access to citizens
• Affecting/manipulating public opinion and agenda
• Closeness to the institutional actors
• With or against
• Ideological positions of media outlets
• Type of Media
• Traditional Media
• Newspapers, radio and TV stations…
• New Media
• Internet forums, blogs, social media platforms…

Think Tanks in Turkey

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_think_tanks, 10.20.2015

KAY 392 Examples of f Private Fir irms Pla laying Roles in in Science & Technology Policies

Questions

• 1. What is/are the public policy problem(s) that this firm solves by its

products or services?

• 2. Does this solution create any negative or positive externalities?
• 3. Does the government in any way support the firm?
• 4. If there is a government support, should the government continue,

decrease or increase its support, why?

Amazon delivering products by drones

Oculu lus Rift’s Vir irtual Reali lity Headsets Bein ing Used for Theraphy

Treatin ing patien tients ts with ith soci

• cial

l anxie xieties or

• r phob
• bia

ias, lik like flyi

flying, publi lic sp speakin ing, g, or

• r heig

ights.

10 10 Projects fr from Google

(Hongkiat, 2016)

• 1. Robotics
• 2. Self-Driving Cars
• 3. Space Exploration – Lunar XPRIZE
• 4. Project Ara – Modular Phones
• 5. Project Tango – 3D Mapping
• 6. Calico – Immortality
• 7. Liftware – Spoon for People with Parkinson’s Disease
• 8. Google Contact Lens
• 9. Makani – Google’s Airborne Wind Turbine
• 10. Project Loon – Internet in a Balloon

Google’s Self Driving Car: : WAYMO

Turkcell’s Data Center

Solar City’s Solar Roof In Installation, , Version 1

Puttin ing so sola lar panels ls on top of the roof

Solar City’s Solar Roof In Installation, , Version 2

In Installing sola lar tile tiles in instead of f th the roof; ; so so every ry tile tile is is a sola lar panel its itself.

Tesla’s Electric Cars

Sola lar Cit ity Charging Stations, , Together wit ith Tesla la

SpaceX: : Mars Exploration via ia Reusable Rockets

Spacex: cost of going to mars

How can governments support IT firms?

• By Doing Nothing?
• Regulation of the industry
• Changing the rules
• Dealing with monopolies, such as cases between EU & Microsoft or Apple
• Tax Breaks
• Subsidies/Loans with low interest rates
• What else ???

ANALYSIS REPORTS ASSIGNMENT EXAMPLE

CQ RESEARCHER, 2016 THE DARK WEB REPORT

Context/Issues

• Dark Web
• An intentionally hidden, far less accessible layer of online

World than the one accessible by Google and other search engines

• Anonymizing technology
• Identity-masking technology by encyrption software
• Hard to trace identity and location of users
• Anonymous markets for illegal activities

Examples: Tor

How Tor Works

Examples

• Tor
• A free software and an open network that helps users defend against traffic

analysis, a form of network surveillance that threatens personal freedom and privacy, confidential business activities and relationships, and state security.

• Examples of Use
• People using Tor after the government blocked social media in Bengladesh
• China and other countries restricted access to Tor
• Bitcoin brought criminal markets to Tor’s hidden services in 2009

Problems to be solved

• Freedom of access to information online & freedom of speech is

limited

• Mask identitites for
• Protecting dissidents in repressive regimes
• Letting human rights activists report atrocities without risking reprisal
• Allowing police and military personnel to conduct covert operations

Censorship, Privacy and Tor

Alternative Solution

• 1. DO NOTHING/LET THE TRENDS CONTINUE
• 2. GOVERNMENT REGULATION

1. Regulate Tor to decrease/control illegal/unethical activities 2. Ban/block Tor to prevent terrorist communications

Criteria

• Security/Anonimity
• People don’t want their online activities to be watched, tracked and recorded
• Cost
• For Internet users
• For governments
• Security agencies
• Freedom of speech
• Freedom to access information online
• Which online anonymity is needed is some cases?
• Sustanability

Externalities

• Increasing cybercrime by anonymizing & hiding the illegal dealings of
• Child pornographers
• Drug dealers
• Sex trafficers
• Organ trafficers
• Technology cripples the ability of law enforcement agencies to catch

criminals

• Economic growth due to increasing economic activities

Policy Actors

• Internet users
• Legal
• Regular users, Facebook users, whistleblowers, etc.?
• Illegal
• Terrorists, drug dealers, etc.?
• US Government
• US Naval Researchers
• Developed Tor
• Public libraries
• Should they help people to surf the Internet anonymously?
• Security agencies
• Courts
• Private firms
• Hosting services for illegal activities
• Advertisers looking for commercial data of customers
• Other countries
• The Great Firewall of China: China’s censorship program

KAY 392

STRATEGY-MAKING IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES

STRATEGY AND PUBLIC POLICY ANAYSIS CYCLE

Define the problem clearly: Why are we preparing the strategy? What are the solution alternatives? 1Do Nothing- Let the trends continue (Not preparing a strategy)

• 2. Prepare a strategy (but how?)

What are the criteria?

• 1. Cost
• 2. Feasability
• 3. Legality
• 4. Compatibility with the previous strategies

What are the positive and negative externalities?

• 1. Development of a national IT sector
• 2. Exporting It-related products and ideas to
• ther countries

Make a decision Implementation What are the strategy implementation problems ? Evaluate the performance of he strategy

E-Government Strategy and Action Plan

E-Government Strategy and Action Plan

E-Government Strategy and Action Plan