Utilizing Biorenewable Materials for the Production of Bio-Based Products in Sustainable Ways: Learning Its Opportunities and Challenges Justinus A. Satrio, Ph.D. Biomass Resources & Conversion Technologies Laboratory and Department of Chemical Engineering Presented at Faculty of Agricultural Technologies Brawijaya University Malang, Indonesia, April 24 th 2014 1
Lecture Outline 1. Introduction – About Villanova University 2. Technical presentation – Background: Why Biomass? • Issues: Sustainability and climate change – Biomass: • What is biomass and how is its potential? – Biomass Conversion Technologies – Sustainability issues with biomass utilization 2
Why Biomass? Issues: Thinking about Sustainability and Climate Change (?) 3
“We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking that we used when we created them.” – Albert Einstein 4
What is Sustainability or Sustainable Development? Terms Now Used Interchangeably 5
Natural Sinks Eliminate tropical deforestation AND double the rate of new forest planting OR Use conservation tillage on all cropland (1600 Mha One wedge would require of new forests over an area the size of the continental U.S. Conservation tillage is currently practiced on less than 10% of global cropland n.a. / $ / !* 6 Photo courtesy of NREL, SUNY Stonybrook, United Nations, FAO
Sustainable Development (United Nations) How to meet the needs of the present generation… …without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs 7
Sustainability: The triple bottom line • Society depends on the economy • The economy depends on the global ecosystem , whose health represents the ultimate bottom line . Coined by John Elkington, SustainAbility 8
Big Picture: The “Master” Equation I = P x A x T I = total environmental impact from human activities P = population A = affluence or per capita consumption T = environmental damage from technology per unit of consumption Source: Ehrlich and Holdren (1971) 9
I=PxAxT---Unique Role for the Scientific Profession!!! • In the “Master” Equation, T, is the home domain of the scientific profession • Our critical professional challenge is to reduce T in terms of “environmental impact” per unit of GDP • For I to stay constant, the inevitable increases in P x A must be offset by corresponding reductions in T 10
Sustainability: Current Issues of Concern • Climate Change or Disruption • Water • Ozone Depletion • Soil Degradation and Food Supply • Species Extinction • Oceans and Fishery Resources • Concentration of Toxics • Depletion and Degradation of Natural Resources • Etc 11
Climate Change 12
What changes climate? • Changes in: – Sun’s output – Earth’s orbit – Drifting continents – Volcanic eruptions – Greenhouse gases 13
“Greenhouse effect” Increasing greenhouse gases trap more heat 14
Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Sulfur hexafluoride Water 15
Could the warming be natural? 16
Winter 2014 in PA – Snowiest Winter in Recent History Climate Change Effect? 17
Fossil Fuel Burning 8 billion 4 tons go in billion tons added every year 800 billion tons carbon Ocean Land Biosphere (net) 2 2 = 4 billion tons go out + 18
Past, Present, and Potential Future Carbon Levels in the Atmosphere 1200 “Doubled” CO 2 (570) 800 Today (380) Pre-Industrial 600 (285) 400 Glacial (190) Billions of tons of carbon ( ppm ) billions of tons carbon 19
Princeton Institute: 15 Approaches for reducing CO 2 emissions 1. Auto Fuel Efficiency 9. Nuclear Energy 2. Transport Conservation 10. Wind Electricity 3. Buildings Efficiency 11. Solar Electricity 4. Electric Power Efficiency 12. Wind Hydrogen 5. CCS — Electricity 13.Biomass Fuels 6. CCS — Hydrogen 14. Forest Storage 7. CCS — Synfuels 15. Soil Storage 8. Fuel Switching — Natural Gas Power Plants 20
Biofuels Reducing CO2 emissions by 1 Gtons/year requires scaling up current global ethanol production by 30 times Photo courtesy of NREL Using current practices, reducing CO2 emissions by 1 Gtons/year requires planting an area the size of India with biofuels crops T, H / $$ 21
Take Home Messages In order to avoid a doubling of atmospheric CO 2 , we need to rapidly deploy low-carbon energy technologies and/or enhance natural sinks We already have an adequate portfolio of technologies to make large cuts in emissions No one technology can do the whole job – a variety of strategies will need to be used to stay on a path that avoids a CO 2 doubling Every “wedge” has associated impacts and costs 22
Biomass, Biofuels and Sustainability 23
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Alternative Energy Sources Wind Energy Nuclear Energy Biomass Energy Solar Energy Geothermal Energy Ocean/Waves Energy • How much do you think the total contribution of these alternative energy sources to the total production of energy in the World? Hydro Energy 25
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What separates biomass from other sustainable resources? 28
Sustainable Alternative Resources for Transportation Fuels End Sustainable Primary Secondary Utilization Resources Intermediates Intermediates Sunlight Wind Organic Biomass Fuels Ocean/ Hydro Transportation Electricity Hydrogen Geothermal Batteries Nuclear 29
Among sustainable resources, biomass is the only resource that produces carbon, which is the primary chemical element in transportation (liquid) fuels. Until our transportation systems are no longer energized by liquid fuels, we will continue rely on carbon-based resources. 30
The goal is not ethanol or biodiesel! Ethanol and Biodiesel are 1 st Generation Biofuels 1 st Generation biofuels have issues 31
1 st Generation Biofuels: Main Issue http://www.naturalnews.com/023092_corn_ethanol_biofuels.html 32
Fuels Produced from Biomass Not only Ethanol and Biodiesel! Fuel Specific LHV Octane Cetane Gravity (MJ/kg) Number Number Ethanol 0.794 27 109 - Biodiesel 0.886 37 - 55 Methanol 0.796 20.1 109 - Butanol 0.81 36 96 - 105 - Mixed Alcohols ~0.80 27-36 96-109 - Fischer-Tropsch Diesel 0.770 43.9 - 74.6 Hydrogen 0.07 (liq) 120 >130 - Methane 0.42 (liq) 49.5 >120 - Dimethyl Ether 0.66 (liq) 28.9 - >55 Gasoline 0.72-0.78 43.5 91-100 - Diesel 0.85 45 - 37-56
2 nd Generation Biofuels • Developed to overcome the limitations of 1 st generation biofuels (fuel vs. food) • Feedstock: non-food crops, e.g woods, organic waste, agricultural waste & specific biomass crops 34
Lignocellulosic Biomass Polymer of 5- and Complex aromatic structure p-hydroxyphenylpropene 6-carbon sugars building blocks Lignin Hemicellulose 10-25% 20-40% Cellulose Polymer of glucose 40-60% 35 35
Components of Biomass Any type of plants may contain some or all of the following components: • Cellulose • Hemicellulose • Lignin • Starch • Pectins • Vegetable Oil/Fats 36
Our Biomass Resources • Currently the U.S. consumes 190 million dry tons of biomass for energy consumption, which is approximately 3% of total energy consumption. • Total potential in U.S. is in excess of 1.3 billion tons (about 21 EJ = 20 quadrillion BTU) 37
Our Biomass Resources Grains for biofuels 79 Dedicated crops 343 Crop residues 389 Forest thinning 55 Lodging Residues 58 Urban Wood 43 Milling residues 132 Fuel wood 47 Ag.process residues &manure 96 -50 50 150 250 350 450 Million Dry Tons per Year 38
Herbaceous Crops Switchgrass Mischantus Coastal Bermuda Grass 39
Energy Crops Willow Poplar Eucalyptus Jatropha Curcas Pine Sugarcane 40
Other Energy Crops Camelina Algae Mesquite (Considered weeds, not energy crops) Hemp 41
How about biomass potential in Indonesia? 42
Routes to Make a Biofuels Hydrogen Gasoline Water-gas shift Syn-gas Methanol Gasification CO 2 + H 2 Olefins MeOH Synthesis Alkanes Lignocellulosic Biomass Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalytic/ (woody plants, fibrous Non-catalytic plants) Aromatics, hydrocarbons Gasification Hydrodeoxygenation Aromatics, light alkanes, Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oils Zeolite upgrading coke Direct Use Liquefaction Emulsions Alkyl benzenes, parrafins Hydrodeoxygenation Lignin Pretreatment & Aromatics, coke Corn Hydrolysis Zeolite upgrading Stover MTHF (methyl- Furfural Bagasse C5 Sugars Hydrogenation Dehydration tetrahydrofuran) (Xylose) Corn Levulinic Levulinic Corn C6 Sugars Dehydration Esterification Grain Hydrolysis Esters Acid (Glucose, Fructose) Hydrogenation MTHF (methyl- Sucrose (90%) tetrahydrofuran) Sugarcane Glucose (10) Alkyl esters (Bio-diesel) Ethanol, Lipids/ Transesterification C 1 -C 14 Alkanes/Alkenes All Sugars Butanol Triglycerides Fermentation Zeolite/Pyrolysis C 12 -C 18 n-Alkanes (Vegetable Hydrodeoxygenation Oils, Algae) Direct Use Blending/Direct Use 43 G.W. Huber, S. Iborra, A. Corma; Chemical Reviews 106, 4044 (2006).
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