JME Sydney, Australia February 8, 2018 Slide 1 Outline - - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Electrochemical Capacitor Potential in the Energy Industry John R. Miller JME, Inc and Case Western Reserve University 23500 Mercantile Road, Suite K Beachwood, Ohio 44122 jmecapacitor@att.net 216-595-9630 UNSW Public Research Seminar JME
Slide 1
John R. Miller
JME, Inc and Case Western Reserve University
23500 Mercantile Road, Suite K Beachwood, Ohio 44122 jmecapacitor@att.net 216-595-9630
UNSW Public Research Seminar
Sydney, Australia February 8, 2018
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Typically Highly Reversible
Gravity Kinetic Energy Electric Field Magnetic Field Mechanical
Pumped Hydro Flywheel Capacitor SMES CAES
Slide 5
Typically Highly Reversible
Gravity Kinetic Energy Electric Field Magnetic Field Mechanical
Pumped Hydro Flywheel Capacitor SMES CAES
Slide 6
Typically Highly Reversible
Gravity Kinetic Energy Electric Field Magnetic Field Mechanical
Pumped Hydro Flywheel Capacitor SMES CAES
Slide 7
Typically Highly Reversible
Gravity Kinetic Energy Electric Field Magnetic Field Mechanical
Pumped Hydro Flywheel Capacitor SMES CAES
Slide 8
Typically Highly Reversible
Gravity Kinetic Energy Electric Field Magnetic Field Mechanical
Pumped Hydro Flywheel Capacitor SMES CAES
Slide 9
Typically Highly Reversible
Gravity Kinetic Energy Electric Field Magnetic Field Mechanical
Pumped Hydro Flywheel Capacitor SMES CAES
Slide 10
Typically Highly Reversible
Gravity Kinetic Energy Electric Field Magnetic Field Mechanical
Pumped Hydro Flywheel Capacitor SMES CAES
No moving parts Essentially no maintenance
Slide 11
Capacitor Battery
Slide 12
Primary
Capacitor
Secondary (rechargeable)
Battery
Slide 13
Primary
Capacitor
Secondary (rechargeable)
Battery
electrostatic electrolytic electrochemical (EC)
Slide 14
Primary
Capacitor
Secondary (rechargeable)
Battery
Lead acid NiCd NMH electrostatic electrolytic electrochemical (EC) asymmetric symmetric Li ion
Slide 15 Organic electrolyte
Most popular today Potential for bulk storage Primary
Capacitor
Secondary (rechargeable)
Battery
Lead acid NiCd NMH electrostatic electrolytic electrochemical (EC) asymmetric symmetric Li ion
Aqueous electrolyte Organic electrolyte Aqueous electrolyte
Lithium-ion capacitor “LIC” Original EC
Slide 16
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY Specific Energy (Wh/kg) COST ($/kWh) Electrostatic Capacitor
0.001 2,000,000
Electrolytic Capacitor
0.05 1,000,000
Electrochemical Capacitor (EC)
5 20,000
Li-ion Battery 10+2 >10+3
100 1,000
Lead Acid Battery 10+4 >10+2
30 100
Slide 17
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY Charge/ discharge time (s) Cycle Life (80% DOD) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) COST ($/kWh) Electrostatic Capacitor 10-9 >10+15
0.001 2,000,000
Electrolytic Capacitor 10-4 >10+10
0.05 1,000,000
Electrochemical Capacitor (EC) 1 >10+6
5 20,000
Li-ion Battery 10+2 >10+3
100 1,000
Lead Acid Battery 10+4 >10+2
30 100
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– High power (especially on charging) – High cycle-life – Long operational life – Reliable – Safe
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Slide 25
Electrodes typically ~1500 m2/g C/M > 100 F/g ~3000 F, 2.85 V > 106 cycles, >2000 hr life @ 65 oC ~1 second response time
Slide 26
Electrodes typically ~1500 m2/g C/M > 100 F/g
Slide 27
Electrodes typically ~1500 m2/g C/M > 100 F/g ~3000 F, 2.85 V > 106 cycles, >2000 hr life @ 65 oC ~1 second response time
Slide 28
ELNA PowerStor cap-XX Danionics
NEC-Tokin
Panasonic
FastCAP General Capacitor
Slide 29
Batscap Meiden Yunasko JSR Micro ESMA Nippon Chemi-Con ELIT Eaton LS Mtron Maxwell Wima Ioxus
Slide 30
PROPERTY BATTERY EC
Storage mechanism Chemical Physical Power limitation Reaction kinetics, mass transport Separator ionic conductivity Energy limitation Electrode mass Electrode surface area Output voltage Constant value Sloping value (SOC known precisely) Charge rate Limited by reaction rates Very high, same as discharge rate Cycle life limitations Physical stability,
Side reactions Life limitation Thermodynamic stability Side reactions
Slide 31
PROPERTY BATTERY EC
Storage mechanism Chemical Physical Power limitation Reaction kinetics, mass transport Separator ionic conductivity Energy limitation Electrode mass Electrode surface area Output voltage Constant value Sloping value (SOC known precisely) Charge rate Limited by reaction rates Very high, same as discharge rate Cycle life limitations Physical stability,
Side reactions Life limitation Thermodynamic stability Side reactions
Slide 32
PROPERTY BATTERY EC
Storage mechanism Chemical Physical Power limitation Reaction kinetics, mass transport Separator ionic conductivity Energy limitation Electrode mass Electrode surface area Output voltage Constant value Sloping value (SOC known precisely) Charge rate Limited by reaction rates Very high, same as discharge rate Cycle life limitations Physical stability,
Side reactions Life limitation Thermodynamic stability Side reactions
Slide 33
PROPERTY BATTERY EC
Storage mechanism Chemical Physical Power limitation Reaction kinetics, mass transport Separator ionic conductivity Energy limitation Electrode mass Electrode surface area Output voltage Constant value Sloping value (SOC known precisely) Charge rate Limited by reaction rates Very high, same as discharge rate Cycle life limitations Physical stability,
Side reactions Life limitation Thermodynamic stability Side reactions
Slide 34
PROPERTY BATTERY EC
Storage mechanism Chemical Physical Power limitation Reaction kinetics, mass transport Separator ionic conductivity Energy limitation Electrode mass Electrode surface area Output voltage Constant value Sloping value (SOC known precisely) Charge rate Limited by reaction rates Very high, same as discharge rate Cycle life limitations Physical stability,
Side reactions Life limitation Thermodynamic stability Side reactions
Slide 35
PROPERTY BATTERY EC
Storage mechanism Chemical Physical Power limitation Reaction kinetics, mass transport Separator ionic conductivity Energy limitation Electrode mass Electrode surface area Output voltage Constant value Sloping value (SOC known precisely) Charge rate Limited by reaction rates Very high, same as discharge rate Cycle life limitations Physical stability,
Side reactions Life limitation Thermodynamic stability Side reactions
Slide 36
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY Charge/ discharge time (s) Cycle Life (80% DOD) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) COST ($/kWh)
2,000,000 1,000,000 20,000 1,000
Lead Acid Battery 10+4 >10+2
30 100
Slide 37
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY Charge/ discharge time (s) Cycle Life (80% DOD) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) COST ($/kWh)
2,000,000 1,000,000 20,000
Li-ion Battery 10+2 >10+3
100 1,000
Lead Acid Battery 10+4 >10+2
30 100
Slide 38
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY Charge/ discharge time (s) Cycle Life (80% DOD) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) COST ($/kWh)
2,000,000 1,000,000
Electrochemical Capacitor (EC) 1 >10+6
5 20,000
Li-ion Battery 10+2 >10+3
100 1,000
Lead Acid Battery 10+4 >10+2
30 100
Slide 39
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY Charge/ discharge time (s) Cycle Life (80% DOD) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) COST ($/kWh)
2,000,000
Electrolytic Capacitor 10-4 >10+10
0.05 1,000,000
Electrochemical Capacitor (EC) 1 >10+6
5 20,000
Li-ion Battery 10+2 >10+3
100 1,000
Lead Acid Battery 10+4 >10+2
30 100
Slide 40
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY Charge/ discharge time (s) Cycle Life (80% DOD) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) COST ($/kWh) Electrostatic Capacitor 10-9 >10+15
0.001 2,000,000
Electrolytic Capacitor 10-4 >10+10
0.05 1,000,000
Electrochemical Capacitor (EC) 1 >10+6
5 20,000
Li-ion Battery 10+2 >10+3
100 1,000
Lead Acid Battery 10+4 >10+2
30 100
Slide 41
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY Charge/ discharge time (s) Cycle Life (80% DOD) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) COST ($/kWh) Electrostatic Capacitor 10-9 >10+15
0.001 2,000,000
Electrolytic Capacitor 10-4 >10+10
0.05 1,000,000
Electrochemical Capacitor (EC) 1 >10+6
5 20,000
Li-ion Battery 10+2 >10+3
100 1,000
Lead Acid Battery 10+4 >10+2
30 100
Slide 42
Regenerative Energy Measurement 3000 F capacitor and 12 Ah Li-ion battery
Slide 43
20 40 60 80 10 1 10 100 1000 10000 Tim e(s) Efficiency (%)
capacitor battery
20 40 60 80 10 1 10 100 1000 10000 Tim e(s) Efficiency (%)
capacitor battery
Charging time (s)
1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Charging time (s) Specific Energy (kJ/kg)
capacitor battery captured stored
1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Charging time (s) Specific Energy (kJ/kg)
capacitor battery captured stored
Equal 15 times
Regenerative Energy Measurement 3000 F capacitor and 12 Ah Li-ion battery
Slide 44
20 40 60 80 10 1 10 100 1000 10000 Tim e(s) Efficiency (%)
capacitor battery
20 40 60 80 10 1 10 100 1000 10000 Tim e(s) Efficiency (%)
capacitor battery
Charging time (s)
1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Charging time (s) Specific Energy (kJ/kg)
capacitor battery captured stored
1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Charging time (s) Specific Energy (kJ/kg)
capacitor battery captured stored
Equal 15 times
Regenerative Energy Measurement 3000 F capacitor and 12 Ah Li-ion battery
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
m/s
500 1000 1500 2000 5 10 15 20 25 30
Kinetic Energy (kJ)
mph
Velocity
Slide 49
NASA Report TM-113176
First Large Capacitor Hybrid Vehicle (1997)
(440 Wh)
Slide 50
NASA Report TM-113176
Battery Problems Listed:
First Large Capacitor Hybrid Vehicle (1997)
(440 Wh)
Slide 51
NASA Hybrid Gas-Electric Transit Bus with EC Storage
46 second Repeating Power Profile
Power (kW) Voltage (V)
Accelerate Brake 25 F capacitor, series resistance ~0.04 ohm (RC~1 s)
Capacitor Capacitor
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
500 1000 1500 2000 5 10 15 20 25 30
Height (m) Potential Energy (kJ)
Slide 59
Up to 7,600 40-ft containers Container mass up to 40 MT Ship load up to 157,000 MT Load can fill 35 100-car trains
Slide 60
7 MJ Capacitor--Efficient Regenerative Energy Capture ~40 % Fuel Saving / Significant Emission Reduction
Capacitor storage
Source: T. Furukawa, NCC
Slide 61
Source: T. Furukawa, NCC
RESULTS
Slide 62
Slide 63
Slide 64
Slide 65
Slide 66
Slide 67
Attractive EC features
Slide 68
Ivanpah, California, USA
Slide 69
Ivanpah, California, USA
Slide 70
Blue—wind power Gold—solar power Red—power demand (Black lines—averages) 30 days of data April 2010 Bonneville Power Admin.
Slide 71
Slide 72
NO STORAGE
24 hours
Slide 73
NO STORAGE WITH STORAGE
24 hours 24 hours
Slide 74
NO STORAGE WITH STORAGE 20 years at 1 cycle per day, five days per week requires ~5000 cycles
24 hours 24 hours
Slide 75
Slide 76
Slide 77
Slide 78
Slide 79
Slide 80
Slide 81
Source- California Energy Storage Alliance. “Energy Storage: Bolstering California’s Economy with AB 2514” page 3.
World Total: 126,000 MW (2010)
Source- California Energy Storage Alliance. “Energy Storage: Bolstering California’s Economy with AB 2514” page 3. Source- California Energy Storage Alliance. “Energy Storage: Bolstering California’s Economy with AB 2514” page 3.
World Total: 126,000 MW (2010)
World Energy Storage 2010
Slide 82
Slide 83
Source: Wikipedia accessed 1-11-2018
Slide 84
1st pumped hydroelectric station in New South Wales
Slide 85 Organic electrolyte
Most popular today Potential for bulk storage Primary
Capacitor
Secondary (rechargeable)
Battery
Lead acid NiCd NMH electrostatic electrolytic electrochemical asymmetric symmetric Li ion
Aqueous electrolyte Organic electrolyte Aqueous electrolyte
Lithium-ion capacitor “LIC” Original EC
Slide 86
Potential for bulk storage Primary
Capacitor
Secondary (rechargeable)
Battery
Lead acid NiCd NMH electrostatic electrolytic electrochemical asymmetric Li ion
Aqueous electrolyte
Slide 87
SYMMETRIC EC
Both electrodes same materials (usually activated carbon) and each about same thickness
Slide 88
SYMMETRIC EC
Both electrodes same materials (usually activated carbon) and each about same thickness
ASYMMETRIC EC
Positive and negative electrodes are different materials with capacity of one electrode much greater than other
Slide 89
Double layer
+ _
electrolyte Double layer
+ _
electrolyte
+ _
electrolyte
+ + + +
Double layer Faradaic
electrolyte
_ + Q
+
Asymmetric design
Q
+
Slide 90
Double layer
+ _
electrolyte Double layer
+ _
electrolyte
+ _
electrolyte
+ + + +
Double layer Faradaic
electrolyte
_ + Q
+
Asymmetric design
Q
+
Slide 91
Double layer
+ _
electrolyte Double layer
+ _
electrolyte
+ _
electrolyte
+ + + +
Double layer Faradaic
electrolyte
_ + Q
+
Asymmetric design
Q
+
Slide 92
Slide 93
~1993 ELTON Bus
30 MJ, 190 V, NiOOH/KOH/C storage system 15 km range, 25 km/hr, 15 minute charge circle route operation in large Moscow park
~1995 Gazel Truck
30 MJ ELTON NiOOH/KOH/C EC, 70 km/hr 30 km range, 15 minute charge factory to warehouse operation
Slide 94
(aqueous electrolyte)
+ Tolerant to over-voltage conditions + Voltage self-balance in series strings + Electrode drying unnecessary + Low-cost packaging possible since water not contaminant + Very low self-discharge rate is possible + High electrolyte salt concentration possible
Slide 95
(aqueous electrolyte)
+ Tolerant to over-voltage conditions + Voltage self-balance in series strings + Electrode drying unnecessary + Low-cost packaging possible since water not contaminant + Very low self-discharge rate is possible + High electrolyte salt concentration possible
Slide 96
<$0.10/kWh projected storage cost
Charge Discharge
PbSO4 + 2H2O ? PbO2 + H2SO4 + 2H+ + 2e-
Cneg up to 1600 F/g due to the small size of H+ and its low-level interaction with activated carbon structure Charge Discharge
PbSO4 + 2H2O ? PbO2 + H2SO4 + 2H+ + 2e-
Cneg up to 1600 F/g due to the small size of H+ and its low-level interaction with activated carbon structure Charge Discharge
PbSO4 + 2H2O ? PbO2 + H2SO4 + 2H+ + 2e-
Cneg up to 1600 F/g due to the small size of H+ and its low-level interaction with activated carbon structure
for the
Slide 97
Pilot prototype ELTON HES-340F1 Pilot prototype ELTON HES-340F1
for the
Sample #1 Sample #2
Conditions: full cell test, ambient temperature (+25oC), 100% DOD.
Sample #1 Sample #2 Sample #1 Sample #2
Conditions: full cell test, ambient temperature (+25oC), 100% DOD.
C/5 discharge, 25 oC, 100% DOD
Slide 98
Slide 99
Note:
Slide 100
50m x 100m x 20m = 100,000 m3
Note:
Slide 101
50m x 100m x 20m = 100,000 m3 Pb-C capacitor: 50 Wh/l = 50 kWh/m3
Note:
Slide 102
50m x 100m x 20m = 100,000 m3 Pb-C capacitor: 50 Wh/l = 50 kWh/m3 100,000 m3 storage volume could deliver 5,000 MWh of electricity i.e. 1000 MW for 5 hours
Note:
Slide 103
305 m height, 528 acres surface, ~30 GWh of stored Energy
Slide 104
305 m height, 528 acres surface, ~30 GWh of stored Energy
(and need no mountain)
A capacitor system storing the same quantity of energy would have a volume ~20-times smaller than the water in the reservoir
Slide 105
(not energy density)
Slide 106
(not energy density)
Slide 107
Slide 108
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
Slide 109
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
Slide 110
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
Slide 111
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
Slide 112
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
Slide 113
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
Slide 114
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
Slide 115
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
Slide 116
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
Slide 117
Slide 118
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
Slide 119
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
50% ~4¢
Slide 120
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
50% ~4¢ 4¢ $13,200
Slide 121
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
50% ~4¢ 4¢ $13,200 battery $750
Slide 122
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
50% ~4¢ 4¢ $13,200 battery $750
Slide 123
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
50% ~4¢ 4¢ $13,200 battery $750
Slide 124
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
50% ~4¢ 4¢ $13,200 battery $750 battery ~2
Slide 125
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
50% ~4¢ 4¢ $13,200 battery $750 battery ~2
Slide 126
Source: C.J. Barnhart and S.M. Benson, “On the importance of reducing the energetic and material demands of electrical energy storage”, Energy Environ. Sci., DOI: 10.1039/c3ee24040a (Jan. 30, 2013).
Barnhart and Benson “Returned Energy” concept
CAES = compressed air energy storage PHS = pumped hydroelectric storage LiIon = lithium ion battery NaS = sodium sulfur battery VRB = vanadium redox flow battery ZnBr = zinc-bromine flow battery PbA = lead-acid battery
ESOI = Energy Stored On Invested
= cycle life = round-trip efficiency D = depth-of-discharge gate= dimensionless— ratio of embodied energy to stored energy
Slide 127
energy storage technology
for the largest ESOI values
ESOI = Energy Stored On Invested
= cycle life = round-trip efficiency D = depth-of-discharge gate= dimensionless ratio of embodied energy to stored energy
Slide 128
Slide 129
Summary
Slide 130
Summary
Slide 131
Summary
Slide 132
ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITOR COMPANY WEBSITES
Accessed 9-2017
Product Name WEB-SITE
BEST CAP www.avx.com/prodinfo_productdetail.asp?I=917&ParentID=42 Batscap www.blue-solutions.com/ CAP-XX www.cap-xx.com MAXCAP www.kanthal.com/en/products/resistors-and-capacitors/capacitors/ DLCAP www.chemi-con.co.jp/e/index.html PowerStor www.cooperet.com/3/PowerStor.html DYNACAP www.elna.co.jp/en/capacitor/double_layer/index.html GOLD www.industrial.panasonic.com/www-ctlg/ctlg/qABC0000_WW.html iCAP www.ioxus.com ULTIMO www.jmenergy.co.jp BOOSTCAP www.maxwell.com SUPERCAPACITOR www.nec-tokin.com/english/product/dl_capacitor.html EVerCAP www.nichicon.co.jp/english/index.html LS Ultracapacitor www.ultracapacitor.co.kr/ XELLED EDLC www.vina.co.kr/new_html/eng/product/info.asp?cate1=10