EMnify IoT Webinars Cellular Connectivity IoT Customer Cases - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

EMnify IoT Webinars Cellular Connectivity IoT Customer Cases Anywhere In The World Their Challenges and Solutions Smart e-Health e-Scooter Smart GPS Industry Agriculture Building Tracker Seamless Integration Partners In the Cloud Their view on State of Art IoT Technology Sensors Antenas Batteries Wireless Modem Saft proprietary information – Confidential 2

Why is the battery so crucial for a connected device ? At the heart of every IoT system is POWER Power availability is critical to the IoT infrastructure 2 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Batteries are in Saft’s DNA for more than 100 years GLOBAL PRESENCE - SALES GROUP PROFILE 100+ years of history 32% 35% Leadership position 33% Europe North on 75-80% of revenue base Asia, MEA, America LatAm 12.4% invested in R&D with 3 main technologies; primary lithium, lithium-ion & nickel-cadmium 3,000+ 4,500+ €796m revenue FY 2019 € customers people 3 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Saft Connected Energy Division Focus on small primary and rechargeable lithium solutions 40 7 2 years of factories production rechargeable chemistries: experience - LiNiMnCoO 2 (NMC) 3 - Blend (NMC/NCA) brands: - Saft - Tadiran 3 - Eterrnacell primary lithium chemistries: - Li-SOCl 2 - Li-MnO 2 - Li-SO 2 Our priority: reliably powering B2B IoT applications Saft proprietary information – Confidential 4 Battery for cellular device

Saft’s Connected Energy for IoT: where to find our solutions ? Saft CE is powering devices within a wide applications’ domain 5 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

BATTERIES: A VAST WORLD 6 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

What is a battery ? 7 7 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

What is a battery ? Electrolyte Separator: Insulator porous to ions Sealed can / container Ion conductive Positive Negative active active + material material Separato r Electrolyte Cathode Anode Electron taker Electron giver 8 Saft proprietary information – Confidential 8 Battery for cellular device

Many different shapes – Battery packs (multiple cells) – Single cells Serial connection • Cylindrical • Parallel connection • Prismatic • Serial – parallel connection • Button/Coin • Pouch • 9 9 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

And different internal constructions too ! Ex of Lithium Thionyl Chloride cells + + Glass-to-metal Glass-to-metal seal seal Lithium metal Separator Lithium metal Electrolyte Electrolyte Separator Carbon catalyst Carbon catalyst Can Can Safety vent - - Bobbin construction Spiral construction (High energy cells) (High power cells) 10 10 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Basics in electrochemistry – In an electrochemical generator Voltage, current, load of the application drive • chemical reaction Energy produced is electricity • – The electrochemical reaction Chemical reaction inside generator due to electrons • exchange Oxydizer: electron taker ○ Reducing agent: electron giver ○ Electrons are used through electrical current outside • generator 11 11 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Why are lithium-based technologies so popular ? - Nominal voltage of the Reducing agent Oxydizer cell depends on electrochemical couple - Li-ion : 3.7 V - Ni-MH: 1.25 V - Ni-Cd: 1.25 V - Li-SOCl 2 : 3.6 V - Li-MnO 2 : 3 V - Alkaline 1.5 V High nominal voltage is important to electronics applications 12 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Most common battery chemistries Rechargeable Non rechargeable (primary) Lead acid (2 V nominal voltage) Alkaline (1.5 V nominal voltage) – – • Low price, heavy, still highly used in industrial environments • Consumer type, hi (forklift trucks, UPS, backup batteries…). Short life compared to Lithium Iron Disulfide (Li-FeS 2 , 1.5 V nominal voltage) – other types Was used in replacement of alkaline cells Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd, 1.25 V nominal voltage) • – Lithium Manganese Dioxide (Li-MnO 2 , 3 V nominal voltage) – Medium price, used in lead acid replacement as Total Cost of • Ownership is better Exists in consumer grades (cameras..) and industrial. High power • and good voltage response to pulse Nickel-Metal-Hydride (Ni-MH, 1.25 V nominal voltage) – Lithium Sulfur Dioxide (Li-SO 2 , 2.8 V nominal voltage) – Higher energy density than Ni-Cd. • For military use and medical (defibrillators): high power cells, Lithium-ion (3.7 V nominal voltage) • – very good in cold environments Designation of many different chemistries: NCA, NMC, FePO 4 … • Lithium Carbon monofluoride (Li-CF x , 3 V nominal voltage) – with various characteristics. Needs a more sophisticated battery management than other types. Most popular form factor was High temp cells, for special applications • 18650 cylindrical types, used in laptop Lithium Thionyl Chloride (Li-SOCl 2 , 3.6 V nominal voltage) – Li-ion Polymer (3.7 V nominal voltage) – Adopted by smart metering, IoT applications (and historically, • Same as lithium-ion but in soft casing (vs 18650) with a different • by military equipment applications). Very wide range of electrolyte, used in mobile phones, tablets, thin laptops, temperatures (-60°C to +85°C and more for some cells) With high energy densities , low self-discharge , stable voltage , lithium primary batteries are a good match with IoT needs for long life and standalone solutions 13 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Do Lithium rechargeable batteries last longer than primary ones ? Non Rechargeable rechargeable Lithium Lithium (primary) - Cycle life - Medium to high discharge rates (A) - Medium self discharge - Fit & forget solutions - Generally from -20°C to +60°C - Low to medium discharge rates (from µA to a few - Need of an external energy source for A) charging & of a battery management - Very low self discharge (ca 1% per yr at 20°C) system - Wide temperature ranges (-60°C up to +85°C or more) - Standalone applications Non rechargeable doesn’t mean consumer grade Single use doesn't mean “must be replaced” 14 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

CONNECTIVITY SOLUTIONS 15 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Connectivity solutions : 3 impacting factors Data Power consumption while emitting Tx transmission rate High Medium Low Wi-Fi – Data transmission rate Traditional cellular High rate networks – Transmitting distance (2G, 3G, 4G) – Power consumption LPWAN LTE-M Cat 1 (Release13) are key features of a LTE NB-IoT LP-PAN connectivity solution and (Release 13) BLE Medium rate NFC are impacting each LP-WLAN RFID ZigBee LoRa other Z-Wave WirelessHART Low rate Sigfox Short distance Medium distance Long distance Transmitting distance 16 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

LPWAN protocols typical profiles What is the yearly consumption for one transmission / day ? 2G/3G > 4000 mAh LoRaWAN: ca. 130 mAh NB-IoT LTE-M: 250 to 300 mAh For 10 yrs: AA or A size cell A, C or D size cell Complex solution: Multi D size Traditional cellular connectivity is more compatible with Li-ion technologies 17 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Battery Data sheet What’s in Batteries’ data sheets ? – Nominal Voltage – Operating Temperature range – Nominal Capacity – Maximum Continuous Current – Maximum Pulse Capability How to properly use this information ? 18 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

VOLTAGE SELECTION 19 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Cell voltage vs discharge current curve Datasheet’s information – Open Circuit Voltage – Nominal Voltage – Voltage Plateau Batteries are NOT Constant Voltage Generators !!!!! 20 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Check the battery voltage compatibility with your usage Ex of device’s characteristics – Minimum Operating Voltage = 2.5 V – Minimum Operating Temperature = -20°C 2.5 V – Data Tx Maximum Peak Current > 100 mA 100 mA Data is not available for this voltage level -> testing is required 21 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device

Example of Li-SOCl 2 AA size cell behavior under current pulse (100 mA) Cells artificially aged Fresh cells (1-month storage at 70°C) BC U1C3 Cells # 1-3 3,6 3,6 3,2 3,2 2,8 2,8 2,4 Voltage / V 2,4 Voltage / V 2,0 2,0 1,6 1,6 Open Circuit Voltage 1,2 1,2 Transient Minimum Voltage 0,8 0,8 Voltage Recovery 0,4 0,4 0,0 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Days Days Even when “aged” cells, a long period of testing might be necessary 22 Saft proprietary information – Confidential Battery for cellular device