Invaders from the North: 15 years of monitoring tropical fishes on - - PDF document

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06/05/2015 Invaders from the North: 15 years of monitoring tropical fishes on the Sapphire Coast David Booth Professor of Marine Ecology UTS Outline 1. Setting the scene: the ocean 1. The dynamic Sapphire Coast 2. Surprise visitors! 15

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David Booth Professor of Marine Ecology UTS

Invaders from the North: 15 years of monitoring tropical fishes

  • n the Sapphire Coast

Outline

  • 1. The dynamic Sapphire Coast
  • 2. Surprise visitors! 15 years of monitoring vagrant

fish: patterns and citizen science

  • 3. Why is it so? Getting here and what happens

next…

  • 4. The future: coral reefs on the Sapphire Coast??
  • 1. Setting the scene: the ocean
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# # # # # # # #

Cairns Sydney Canberra Brisbane Newcastle Melbourne Townsville Rockhampton

Western Boundary Currents: key poleward dispersal agents

EAC KUROSHIO CURRENT GULF STREAM BRAZIL CURREN T equator

(Nakamura, 2013) (Booth et al., 2007) (McBride, 1998)

(Floater et al. 2009)

# # # # # # # #

Cairns Sydney Canberra Brisbane Newcastle Melbourne Townsville Rockhampton

2001

NSW Fish diversity

Tropical fish range advance Temperate fish range retraction

An extreme case: tropical fish incursions into temperate seas

Sporadic peripheral Core breeding Peripheral (recruitment

  • nly)

Adult edge

  • (non-breeding)

Edge breeding

  • (offspring

mostly advected away)

TROPICAL TAXA

Poleward transport

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Latitudinal patterns

  • Montague Island (36°15’ S) 75

tropical species

  • Merimbula (37° S)

44 tropical species

Lord Howe Is.

One Tree Island (23°S) 600 tropical species Solitary Islands (30° S) 250 tropical species Sydney (33.5 ° S) 86 tropical species LHI (31.5° S) 400 trop. spp.

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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Jan 2002 Jan 2004 Jan 2006 Jan 2008 Jan 2010 Jan 2012 Num tropical species Sydney Merimbula 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Jan 2000 Jan 2002 Jan 2004 Jan 2006 Jan 2008 Jan 2010 Jan 2012 Jan 2014 Jan 2016 Num tropical species

Species accumulation

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 SYD total 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 MEM total

Abundance thru time…

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Density(#/1000m-2) MEM chaets MEM poms 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Density (# per 1000m-2) SYD chaets SYD poms

  • C. auriga

C. flavirost ris 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 MEM C auriga MEM C flav

  • C. auriga
  • C. flavirostris

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 10 20 30 40 50 C flavirostris abundance

  • C. Auriga abundance

Species concordance

  • C. flavirostris
  • C. auriga
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Rare species (<10 indiv over 13 years) Acanthurus lineatus 2005, 2011, 2012, 2013 Scolopsis sp. 2013 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 2002, 2004, 2011 Pomacentrus wardi 2004 Pomacentrus nakasakiensis 2011 Caesio caerulaurea 2013 LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE

Growth patterns

Increment number

  • Time in the plankton (PLD)

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE

Growth patterns

Increment number

  • Time in the plankton (PLD)

Increment width

  • Somatic growth
  • Lipid reserves
  • Water chemistry

# # # # # # # #

Cairns Sydney Canberra Brisbane Newcastle Melbourne Townsville Rockhampton

20 25 30 35 Lizard Id. One Tree Is. Lord Howe Is. Sydney Jervis Bay Merimbula PLD, days

# # # # # # # #

Cairns Sydney Canberra Brisbane Newcastle Melbourne Townsville Rockhampton

from Booth and Parkinson 2011

*

20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Eg Chaetodon vagabundus Berumen et al. 2011 40-60% self-recruit Parentage analysis (PLD 27-49d) Booth et al. 2007

Within-species variation in dispersal…

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Pelagic growth

50 100 150 200 250 300 1 11 21 31 41 Cumultive Increment widths (um) Increment # Lizard One Tree Solitaries Lord Howe Sydney Jervis Merimbula

Pelagic growth

50 100 150 200 250 1 11 21 31 41 Cumultive Increment widths (um) Increment # One Tree Solitaries Lord Howe Sydney Merimbula

Pelagic growth

50 100 150 200 250

10 20 30 40

Cumulative incremetn width (um)

Days

One Tree Lord Howe Sydney Jervis Merimbula

  • Spawning on the reef
  • Ocean currents
  • Water temperature
  • Greetings on arrival
  • Finding a niche!

Expatriation

From Reef to Sapphire coast…

  • 360 species within 55 different families
  • 5

5 15 25 35 45 55

Chaetodontidae Balistidae Acanthuridae Kyphosidae Mullidae Ostraciidae Pempheridae Cirrhitidae Labridae Pomacentridae Scaridae Lutjanidae Monacanthidae Synodontidae Caesionidae Latidae Ptereleotridae Lethrinidae Siganidae Ephippidae Malacanthidae Pomacanthidae Scorpaenidae Plotosidae Holocentridae Blenniidae Tetraodontidae Pinguipedidae Serranidae Plesiopidae Haemulidae Antennariidae Nemipteridae Microdesmidae Synanceiidae Gerreidae Apogonidae Platycephalidae Sparidae Gobiesocidae Gobiidae Tripterygiidae Callionymidae Syngnathidae

Proportional importance of vagrancy within tropical families Families

Who makes it???

Feary et al 2013 Fish and Fisheries

IS BIGGER BETTER?

  • Bigger larvae = wider dispersal?

5 10 15 20 25 Average size (mm TL)

Red = vagrants Blue = non-vagrants

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Larval swimming ability [Predict: better performance in vagrants]

Active swimming

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Average Ucrit (cms-1) Red = Vagrant Blue = Non-vagrant p = 0.015

  • Larval swimming ability

Delivered by ocean currents…

do they really ride the EAC??

5 10 1-Jan 16-Jan 31-Jan 15-Feb 1-Mar 16-Mar 31-Mar 15-Apr 30-Apr 15-May 30-May May 8, 2004 Apr 30, 2004 Apr 22, 2004

  • C. auriga
  • C. flavirostris

Does EAC strength predict abundance?

6 7 8 9 10 11 2000 2005 2010 2015

EAC STRENGTH 32-34S 32-340S Sun et al. 2012

1997 2000 1999 1998 2001

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06/05/2015 8 EAC strength vs abundance, richness

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 7 8 9 10 11

Total abundance

Sydney

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 7 8 9 10 11

Total Abundance

Merimbula

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 7 8 9 10 11

Richness

Sydney

5 10 15 20 25 30 7 8 9 10 11

Richness

Merimbula EAC strength index

What about ocean temperature?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 10/14/09 12/3/09 1/22/10 3/13/10 5/2/10 6/21/10 8/10/10 9/29/10 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 12/14/05 2/2/06 3/24/06 5/13/06 7/2/06 8/21/06 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

12/3/09 1/22/10 3/13/10 5/2/10 6/21/10 8/10/10 9/29/10

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

12/14/05 2/2/06 3/24/06 5/13/06 7/2/06 8/21/06 10/10/06

Seasonal temperature drop vs persistence SYDNEY SYDNEY MERIMBULA MERIMBULA

Winter decline in abundance of tropical vagrants

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 1-Dec 30-Jan 1-Apr 1-Jun 1-Aug 1-Oct 30-Nov 30-Jan Seasonal abundance (prop.)

  • A. vaigiensis
  • P. microlepis

a

“overwintering threshold” (18C)> lower lethal temperature (~15C)

  • ca. 18C

from Figueira and Booth Global Change Biology 2010

Temperature (ºC) of previous winter (July - Aug) Winter survivors (normalised to site maximum)

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0.0 0.5 1.0 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0.0 0.5 1.0 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0.0 0.5 1.0 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0.0 0.5 1.0 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0.0 0.5 1.0 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0.0 0.5 1.0 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0.0 0.5 1.0 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0.0 0.5 1.0 Long Reef Shelly Beach Jervis Bay Lord Howe Island Solitary Islands Merimbula

  • A. bengalensis
  • A. vagiensis
  • A. whitleyi
  • C. auriga
  • C. flavirostrus
  • A. sexfasciatus
  • S. gasconyi
  • P. coelestis

a b c d e f g h

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Indirect temperature effects??

Temperature (ºC) Max burst swim speed (cm/s)

50 100 150 200 250 50 100 150 200 250 17 21 25 50 100 150 200 250

a c b

A A A A A B B B B Tropical prey Predator Temperate prey

Lab-based approaches: Example- relative predation risk of tropical vagrants as winter water temperatures approach

Temperature (°C) Mortality (z)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 17 21 25 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

a b

Tropical prey Temperate prey N/A

A A A B B

Temperature (ºC) Max burst swim speed (cm/s)

50 100 150 200 250 50 100 150 200 250 17 21 25 50 100 150 200 250

a c b

A A A A A B B B B Tropical prey Predator Temperate prey

Lab-based approaches: Example- relative predation risk of tropical vagrants as winter water temperatures approach Tropicals are relatively slower to flee from predators as water temperatures drop, so suffer higher predation risk as winter approaches…

The future under climate change

SST on the rise….

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annu al/aus/

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# # # # # # # #

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Figueira and Booth Global Change Biology 2010

Winter Temp. (ºC) 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 14 16 18 20 22 rs

OTIS COFF LHIS SYDN MERB

b c

# # # # # # # #

Cairns Sydney Canberra Brisbane Newcastle Melbourne Townsville Rockhampton

Figueira and Booth Global Change Biology 2010

Winter Temp. (ºC) 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 14 16 18 20 22 rs

OTIS COFF LHIS SYDN MERB

b c

  • EAC strengthening (350 km further south in last

50 years, expected to continue)

  • SST rising poleward (partly EAC-related)
  • Habitat destruction (eg bleaching) on coral reefs
  • Habitat expansion poleward (urchin barrens and

coral habitat spreading poleward)

34 0 North!! Tropicalisation…..an increasing phenomenon?

Nakamura et al. 2008

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Thanks… Funding NSW Environmental Trust, Australian Research Council, Sydney Aquarium Conservation Fund. Permits All work was conducted under NSW Fisheries Permit number F96/146-6.0 and University of Sydney Ethics Permit numbers 5200 and 5214. Collaborators UTS- Booth, Feary, Fowler, Parkinson, Beck, Tegart, Yui, Beretta, Donelson, Klanten, Beretta U Syd- Figueira, Garside, Hawes, Mac U- Madin, Luiz JCU: Munday, Pratchett UQ: Cynthia Riginos, Libby Liggins Overseas: Hixon (U Hawaii), Nakamura (Japan) NSW DPI: Malcolm, Harasti, Creese, Jordan Sapphire Coast: Luke Brown, Michael McMaster