INTRODUCTION TO URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN PRESENTATION TO ARC SEMINAR 05 MAY 2018
TOWN PLAN ANNER BScURP (University of Botswana) MCRP (University of Capetown) Strategic Planning (University of Stellenbosch) oftjob@gmail.com
STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION 1. Introduction 2. History of Urban Planning 3. Urban Planning in Botswana 4. Alternative Planning Approach 5. Discussion Questions 6. Conclusion - Desired Local Level Design Qualities JOBE OFETOTSE
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION To introduce the practice of town planning The intention being to expose participants to some of the influences which shape our cities and towns and the responses required to manage these At the end of the presentation; participants should be able to do the following; 1. Understand the origins of modern town planning 2. Understand some of the qualities and principles which inform the making of positive urban places 3. Be able to distinguish between good and bad planning 4. And finally better appreciate the practice of town planning and hopefully contribute to a more integrative approach to the building of our cities
Urban & Physical Regional Planning Planning What is it? Urban Town Planning Planning Town & Spatial Country Planning Planning
INTRODUCTION WHY DO WE PLAN? The planning and design of settlements is important for a number of reasons; To give direction to public spending and decision making To ensure efficient use of resources To mobilize unutilized or under utilized resources To coordinate & integrate the public & private investments in settlements to maximize their impact To protect nature and prevent ecological breakdowns To protect the reasonable rights of individuals & to establish appropriate institutional, procedural & other mechanisms to promote positive settlement development
HISTORY OF TOWN PLANNING
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING The industrial revolution and the post war period in the 19th and 20th century is largely recognized as an important period in terms of the debates on how settlements should be planned The demand for labour in the newly industrialized cities of Europe, the UK and North America led to a mass movement of people from the countryside to seek employment The cities however were not prepared for this unprecedented movement of people and rapid growth as most of them lacked the most basic services to deal with the influx The result was the formation of chaotic, overcrowded and polluted cities
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING … Ebenezer Howard’s ideas on the garden city and Robert Owen’s New Lanark model settlement came to represent at the end of the century, the distillation & most complete expression of this radical utopian socialism In other countries, where this idea of planning also emerged as a response to the problems of the industrial city, other ideas which underpinned the ideal physical environment prevailed
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING … Ebenezer Howard’s ideas on the garden city and Robert Owen’s New Lanark model settlement came to represent at the end of the century, the distillation & most complete expression of this radical utopian socialism In other countries, where this idea of planning also emerged as a response to the problems of the industrial city, other ideas which underpinned the ideal physical environment prevailed Ebe Ebenezer Ho Howard
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING … Ebenezer Howard’s ideas on the garden city and Robert Owen’s New Lanark model settlement came to represent at the end of the century, the distillation & most complete expression of this radical utopian socialism In other countries, where this idea of planning also emerged as a response to the problems of the industrial city, other ideas which underpinned the ideal physical environment prevailed
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING … In France, the ideas of architect-planner, Le Corbusier, in the 1920s and 1930s established the ideal of the modernist city Le Corbusier’s argument was that instead of the city with gardens of the kind which Howard had proposed, his was to be a city in a garden Le Corbusier held that the ideal city was neat, ordered and highly controlled. Slums, narrow streets and mixed use areas should be demolished and replaced with tower blocks with open space flowing between them and land uses separated into mono functional zones Le Le Cor Corbusie ier
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING … Implicit in both the proposals of Howard’s garden cities and Le Corbusier’s imaginary sketch of the radiant city was the utopian suggestion that town planning should create entirely new kind of urban settlement Although clearly there was a debate as to whether this should be Howard’s garden city or Le Corbusier’s radiant city Howard’s ideas, underlay Abercrombie’s 1944 plan for Greater London, with his proposal for a ring of relatively “self contained” and “socially balanced” new towns circling London’s green belt By contrast, in the post war redevelopment schemes of many inner city areas, it was Le Corbusier’s vision of the modern city of tower blocks which arose from the rubble in the late 1950s and 1960s This ostentatious approach to town planning comes through in Lewis Keeble’s influential book, Principles and Practice of Town and Country Planning Across the Atlantic in the United States, early 20 th century visions of the ideal city were different again
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING … Architect Frank Lloyd Wright’s counter to the problems of industrializing New York took the form of low density, dispersed cities with each family on its own small farm (car based suburban model) Other elements of the American urban idealism were drawn from Europe; Le Corbusier’s modernist inspired skyscraper development and the City Beautiful Movement drew on the boulevards and promenades of the great European capitals Because many of the urban planners of this period were architects, many common architectural practices were Fr Frank Llo Lloyd Wrig ight thus incorporated into urban planning
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING … In particular, planners adopted four principles from architecture that constituted the “design approach” which dominated planning during the first half of the twentieth century ;- Comprehensive design, aesthetic considerations (beautiful cities produce good citizens), hierarchy
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING … Given that town pla lannin ing was vie iewed as as essentia ially an an exercis ise in in the physical desig ign, it it seemed self lf evident to to to town pla planners at at this tim ime that their pr prim ime tas ask was as the pr productio ion of of pla plans It It als lso seemed self lf evident that these pla lans should be be as as detaile led as as possible le so so as as to to guide future de develo lopment an and sho should de define as as pr precisely ly as as fea easib ible, sit sites for or part particular use uses In In the UK, the first generatio ion of of develo lopment plans lo local authoritie ies were requir ired to to produce under the 1947 1947 Town an and Cou Country ry Pl Plannin ing Act ct al also ad adopted this ap approach Wats tson (2007 2007) summariz izes the key assumptio ions that were common to to the master pla lans which carrie ied the urban vi ur visio ions of of the tim ime as as foll ollows; 1. That planners possessed particular design expertise, much like architects, but that once the design was complete it was then up to other professionals to implement it;
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING … Key assumptions ……… 2. That through the design of physical space it would be possible to shape the nature of societies which occupied it (neighbourhood model) 3. That it was possible to envisage a future ideal state for each city and to achieve this through the plan, and that thereafter no further change would occur 4. That it was possible to predict both the scale and nature of population and economic growth over the long term and plan for this 5. That cities were amenable to manipulation in terms of these plans; that local governments as the implementers of plans had sufficient control over the use of each parcel of land to ensure that the plan would eventually be realized
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