Introduction to Microprocessors Computing Systems General-purpose - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Introduction to Microprocessors

Microprocessors, Lecture 1:

Computing Systems

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General-purpose standalone systems Embedded systems ( هتفھن یاھ متسيس)

General-purpose standalone systems

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Stand-alone computer systems: used for processing and data

management purposes

Example: desktop PCs, laptops, tablets, servers,

supercomputers,…

They are general-purpose: can be programmed to perform

any task

A computer is used for: web browsing, gaming, multimedia,

database server, word processing, CAD, scientific applications,…

General-purpose standalone systems

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Desktop processors

Intel and AMD processors

Server processors

Intel, AMD, IBM, SUN, …

Tablet processors

ARM-based System-on-Chips

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General-Purpose Processor

General-Purpose Processor Processor designed for a variety of computation tasks

Each processor has an ISA and a microarchitecture

ISA: Instruction Set Architecture

ISA determines the set of instructions that a

processor supports (and registers and addressing modes)

X86 is the dominant ISA for PCs ARM is the dominant ISA for tablets and

smartphones

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A Simple (Trivial) Instruction Set

• pcode operands

MOV Rn, direct MOV @Rn, Rm ADD Rn, Rm 0000 Rn direct 0010 Rn 0100 Rm Rn Rn = M(direct) Rn = Rn + Rm SUB Rn, Rm 0101 Rm Rn = Rn - Rm MOV Rn, #immed. 0011 Rn immediate Rn = immediate Assembly instruct. First byte Second byte Operation JZ Rn, relative 0110 Rn relative PC = PC+ relative (only if Rn is 0) Rn MOV direct, Rn 0001 Rn direct M(direct) = Rn Rm M(Rn) = Rm

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Sample Programs

int total = 0; for (int i=10; i!=0; i--) total += i; // next instructions... C program MOV R0, #0; // total = 0 MOV R1, #10; // i = 10 JZ R1, Next; // Done if i=0 ADD R0, R1; // total += i MOV R2, #1; // constant 1 JZ R3, Loop; // Jump always Loop: Next: // next instructions... SUB R1, R2; // i-- Equivalent assembly program MOV R3, #0; // constant 0 1 2 3 5 6 7

Compiler knows the machine instructions and translates the

programs into machine language

Hardware accelerator

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Implementing time-consuming algorithm on hardware In processors, it is also called Co-processor Not programmable: only a fixed function

Co-Processor (accelerator) Co-Processor (accelerator) Program Memory CPU Data Memory Arbiter Arbiter Data Memory Arbiter Arbiter

Hardware accelerator

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The most important accelerates in processors are vector

processing units (SIMD unit)

SIMD= single instruction multiple data

To accelerate processing on arrays

Processors

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In addition to general-purpose processors, there are other

processor types

ASIP ASIC GPU

ASIP and ASIC are used in embedded systems

Application-Specific Instruction set Processor (ASIP)

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A processor that is programmable

A general purpose processor + specific hardware resource

The instruction-set is optimized for a group of applications

Base instruction set + customized instructions

Specific hardware resource implements the customized

instructions

Examples:

DSPs (Digital Signal Processor) NPs (Network Processor) GPUs (Graphical Processing Unit) …

Application Specific Instruction-set Processor

Program with basic instructions set I

t1 = a * b; t2 = b * 0xf0;; t3 = c * 0x12; t4 = t1 + t2; t5 = t2 + t3; t6 = t5 + t4; Custom Logic

* * * + + +

0xf0 0x12 a b c

Execution time: 9 clock cycles

*: 2 clock cycles +: 1 clock cycles

Application Specific Instruction-set Processor (cont’d)

* * * + + +

0xf0 0x12 a b c

Program with extended instructions

t1 = extop1(a, b, 0xf0); t2 = extop2(b, c, 0xf0, 0x12); t3 = t1 + t2;

Execution time: 5 clock cycles Speedup: 1.8

extops: 2 clock cycles +: 1 clock cycles

Extended Instruction Set: I∪extop1 ∪expop2 extop1 extop2

ASIP example- DSP

A Digital signal Processor (DSP) has instructions that

efficiently executes the common signal processing algorithms

Typical DSP algorithms includes:

Filtering, DFT, DCT Speech and image: Compression, decompression, encryption,

decryption

Modems: Equalization, noise and echo cancellation, better SNR Communication channel: encoding, decoding, equalization

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ASICs

Application-specific IC Digital circuit designed to execute

• ne program

Features

Contains only the components needed

to execute a single program

No program memory

Benefits

Fast (optimized) Low power Small size

Design spectrum

Excellent tradeoff between efficiency of ASICs and flexibility of

CPUs

GPU

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Graphic processing unit Used for graphic processing and other parallel algorithms

Embedded System

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Embedded systems: information processing systems that are

embedded into a larger product and that are normally not directly visible to user

Single or limited purpose: designed to perform a single or a

group of similar tasks

An embedded system may perform

A single task that remains fixed during the system life-time

example: video-projector, printer,…

A group of tasks

Example: a cell phone

Embedded systems

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More than 90% of computer systems are embedded!

Embedded systems- classification

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Monitoring and control functions

Vehicle control, power plant control

Information-processing functions

Telecommunication switches, Multimedia (mp3 player), etc.

A simple LCD board controller A complex telecommunication switch

Embedded systems

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Simple embedded systems are often use microcontrollers Large and complex embedded systems are composed of

many devices such as FPGAs, CPUs, ASIPs, hardware accelerates, memory modules, interfaces, analog devices,….

Embedded systems- general picture

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Different application type have different requirements and characteristics

Embedded systems-control-based

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Most peripherals are organized to monitor the outside world

and control it

Do not require large data storage and transfer Reliability, low-cost, and low-power operation is important Microcontrollers are the best choice for this purpose A processor core with many peripheral integrated inside a

single chip

Microcontrollers

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A smaller computer

On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... Example AVR, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8, and PIC 16X

General Purpose Micr General Purpose Micropr

• processor

cessors

• vs. Micr
• vs. Microcontr
• controller
• llers

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Most common microcontrollers

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8-bit microcontrollers

AVR PIC HCS12 8051

32-bit microcontrollers

ARM PIC32

Introduction

Technological advances Today’s chip can contains 7 billion transistors The consequences Components connected on a board can now be

integrated onto single chip

Hence the development of system-on-chip design

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SoC

An SoC may contain

Custom hardware blocks

A.K.A. Hardware accelerator

DSP blocks Embedded CPU Embedded Memory Real World Interfaces (USB,

PCI, Ethernet)

Software (both OS and

Applications)

Mixed-signal Blocks

DAC, ADC

FPGAs

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SoC evolution

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SoC Example- a handheld device

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SoC benefits

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Reduce size Low cost Reuse Low power High performance High reliability