Internal Curing of Concrete Pavements Thursday, February 16, 2017 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Internal Curing of Concrete Pavements Thursday, February 16, 2017 2:00-3:30 PM ET

TRB WEBINAR PROGRAM

The Transportation Research Board has met the standards and requirements of the Registered Continuing Education Providers Program. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to RCEP. A certificate of completion will be issued to participants that have registered and attended the entire session. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by RCEP.

Purpose

Discuss the internal curing of pavements, the process by which the curing water comes from the aggregates within the concrete. The presenters will discuss the concepts of internal curing, practical applications, mixture design, construction, and quality control.

Learning Objectives

At the end of this webinar, you will be able to:

• Understand the fundamentals of internally cured concrete

pavements and their applications.

• Understand the materials used for internally cured pavement

applications including mixture design and properties of IC concrete.

• Understand the process of construction of internally cured concrete

pavements.

PDH Certificate Information

• This webinar is valued at 1.5 Professional Development Hours

(PDH)

• Instructions on retrieving your certificate will be found in your

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• You must register and attend as an individual to receive a PDH

certificate

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• Questions? Contact Reggie Gillum at RGillum@nas.edu

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Panelists Presentations

http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/webinars/170216.pdf After the webinar, you will receive a follow-up email containing a link to the recording

Today’s Participants

• Sam Tyson, Federal Highway Administration,

sam.tyson@dot.gov

• Jason Weiss, Oregon State University,

jason.weiss@oregonstate.edu

• Dennis Morian, Quality Engineering Solutions,

dmorian@qespavements.com

• Steven Gillen, Illinois Tollway, sgillen@getipass.com

Get Involved with TRB

• Getting involved is free!
• Join a Standing Committee (http://bit.ly/2jYRrF6)

– AFD50 (Design and Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavements), AFH50 (Concrete Pavement Construction and Rehabilitation), and AFD70 (Pavement Rehabilitation)

• Become a Friend of a Committee

(http://bit.ly/TRBcommittees)

– Best way to become a member – Ultimate networking opportunity

• For more information: www.mytrb.com

– Create your account – Update your profile

97th TRB Annual Meeting: January 7-11, 2018

Internal Curing for Concrete Pavements

Transportation Research Board Webinar 2:00 PM – 3:30 PM Thursday, February 16, 2017 Sam Tyson, P.E. Concrete Pavement Engineer FHWA Office of Asset Management, Pavements, and Construction

Internal Curing for Concrete Pavements

TRB Committee/Webinar Sponsors –

• AFD50 – Design and Rehabilitation of

Concrete Pavements

• AFH50 – Concrete Pavement Construction

and Rehabilitation

Internal Curing for Concrete Pavements

Background: FHWA Publication – Internal Curing for Concrete Pavements FHWA-HIF-16-006, July 2016

https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/hif16006.pdf

and numerous references cited in that document.

Internal Curing for Concrete Pavements

Jason Weiss, Oregon State University Dennis Morian, Quality Engineering Solutions Steven Gillen, Illinois Tollway

Internal Curing for Concrete Pavements

• Introduction and Background
• Mixture Design
• Quality Control
• Emerging Potential Benefits
• Pavement Applications

Samuel S. Tyson, P.E. Concrete Pavement Engineer Office of Asset Management, Pavements, and Construction Federal Highway Administration 1200 New Jersey Avenue, S.E. – E73-440 Washington, DC 20590 E-mail: sam.tyson@dot.gov Phone: 202-366-1326

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 1 of 36

1 1

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS

Internal Curing for Concrete Pavements

Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian, Shree Rao

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 2 of 36

Associated Technical Brief

• This presentation was developed to accompany

FHWA Tech Brief HIF-16-006

• It will discuss

concepts of IC for concrete pavements including: mixture design, construction, and quality control

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 3 of 36

Outline for Today’s Talk

• We want to discuss what internal curing is and

where Internal Curing may have applications

• Mixture Design
• Quality Control
• Emerging Potential Benefits

– Reduce Joint Damage – Reduce ASR Damage (dilution/accomodation) – Reduced Built in Stress and Curing Times

• Pavement Applications

ASR = Alkali Silica Reaction

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 4 of 36

What is Internal Curing?

• Internal curing water is simply water curing where

the water is provided from inside the concrete

• In the US this is typically done currently by placing

water inside the porous LWA

• This can also be done using superabsorbent

polymers (SAP), absorptive fibers,

• r recycled concrete
• However currently these technologies

are not as readily available for use in pavements as is fine LWA

LWA = Lightweight Aggregate SAP = Superabsorbent Polymer

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 5 of 36

External and Internal Curing

Castro et al. 2009

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 6 of 36

Where Has Internal Curing Been Used

Water Tanks - Bates et al. 2012 Bridge Decks - DiBella et al. 2011 Pavements - Friggle et al. 2011 Patches - Barrett et al. 2014

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Outline for Today’s Talk

• We want to discuss where Internal Curing may

have applications

• Mixture Design
• Quality Control
• Emerging Potential Benefits

– Potential to Reduce Joint Damage – Potential to Reduce ASR Damage (dilution/accom.) – Reduced Built in Stress and Curing Times

• Pavement Applications

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 8 of 36

How Is IC Concrete Made

• Except for LWA, IC concrete mixture design

generally is identical to that of conventional concrete with similar air content, water content, and coarse aggregate content.

• Currently, IC in North America is typically

achieved by replacing a portion of the conventional fine aggregate (i.e., sand) with a pre- wetted lightweight fine aggregate.

IC = Internal Curing

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 9 of 36

Outline for Today’s Talk

• We want to discuss where Internal Curing may

have applications for

• Mixture Design
• Quality Control
• Emerging Potential Benefits

– Reduce Joint Damage – Reduce ASR Damage (dilution/accomodation) – Reduced Built in Stress and Curing Times

• Pavement Applications

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Mixture Design for Internal Curing

• similarities and differences between the design of a

conventional 6-bag mixture (water-to-cement ratio

• f 0.36 and 6 percent air) and an IC mixture
• assumes 15%

absorption of the FLWA

• 7 lb of IC water for

every 100 lb of cementititious materials.

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 11 of 36

Simple Mixture Proportioning

• Convert an existing paving mixture or a bridge

deck mixture to an IC Mixture

Materials Weight SG (SSD) Volume, ft3

Cement 564 3.15 2.869 GGBFS 115 2.99 0.616 Fly Ash 2.64 0.000 Silica Fume 25 2.2 0.182 Sand 591 2.623 3.613 Lightweight Aggregate 413 1.750 3.780 Coarse Aggregate 1 1700 2.763 9.860 Coarse Aggregate 2 2.763 0.000 Water 258 1 4.135 Air 1.755

Σ

3666

• 26.810

IC Mixture Design

LWA Absorption: 15.0% LWA Desorption: 85.0% LWA Specific Gravity 1.750 Cement Factor 704 Chemical Shrinkage: 0.065 Degree of Hydration 1 SSD LWA Replacement 413 SSD Sand Replaced 619 Internal Curing Properties

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Outline for Today’s Talk

• We want to discuss where Internal Curing may

have applications for

• Mixture Design
• Quality Control
• Emerging Benefits

– Potential to Reduce Joint Damage – Potential to Reduce ASR Damage (dilution/accom.) – Reduced Built in Stress and Curing Times

• Pavement Applications

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 13 of 36

Measuring Aggregate Properties

• Aggregate Moisture
• Surface Moisture
• Aggregate Absorp.
• Specific Gravity

(Relative Density)

• Desorption
• Spreadsheet and

Step by Step Process (Miller et al 2014)

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Outline for Today’s Talk

• We want to discuss where Internal Curing may

have applications for

• Mixture Design
• Quality Control
• Emerging Potential Benefits

– Reduce Joint Damage – Reduce ASR Damage (dilution/accomodation) – Reduced Built in Stress and Curing Times

• Pavement Applications

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 15 of 36

Joint Damage and the Role of IC

• Concrete pavement joints damaged by salt

3Ca(OH)2 + CaCl2 + 12H2O  CaCl2·3Ca(OH)2·12H2O

Calcium Oxychloride

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 16 of 36

IC and Calcium Hydroxide (CaOH2; CH)

• Ca(OH)2 forms in solution and deposits in/on aggregate
• Ca(OH)2 deposits on aggregate surfaces (few to 20 µm)

as stage III begins (before set)

• Ca(OH)2 will react with deicing salt

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 17 of 36

Reaction of SCM and the Role of IC

• IC provides additional water that can help to

increase the cement that hydrates as well as the SCM that hydrates

• As such, IC will

reduce (Ca(OH)2) and reduce joint damage

0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50

w/c

Internal Curing Sealed

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Degree of Hydration at 72 h (Heat / Maximum theoretical heat)

Castro et al. 2010

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 18 of 36

Outline for Today’s Talk

• We want to discuss where Internal Curing may

have applications for

• Mixture Design
• Quality Control
• Emerging Potential Benefits

– Reduce Joint Damage – Reduce ASR Damage (dilution/accomodation) – Reduced Built in Stress and Curing Times

• Pavement Applications

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 19 of 36

Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) and IC

• Internal Curing Benefits –

– decreases porosity through hydration, – accommodation space allows gel without pressure, – dilution (replaces reactive aggregates)

• Internal Curing

Disadvantages – – Higher RH/moisture which would enable more ASR reaction to occur

RH = Relative Humidity

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Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) and IC

• Reactive (R) – Most reactive and expansive
• Non Reactive Aggregate Replacement at 15 & 28% (m) –

Reduces expansion due to dilution

• Internal Curing – LWA Replacement at 15 & 28% % (N)) –

more effective even than non reactive aggregate LWA provides space for expansive gel to form

• 15% replacement

is CS volume

Shin et al. 2010 CS = Chemical Shrinkage

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 21 of 36

Outline for Today’s Talk

• We want to discuss where Internal Curing may

have applications for

• Mixture Design
• Quality Control
• Emerging Potential Benefits

– Reduce Joint Damage – Reduce ASR Damage (dilution/accomodation) – Reduced Built in Stress and Curing Times

• Pavement Applications

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 22 of 36

Benefits of IC - Thermal

• IC makes concrete less susceptible to thermal

cracking, as “built-in” stress is reduced

Schlitter et al. 2010

Plain Concrete IC Concrete

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 23 of 36

Patching and Full Depth Panel Repair

• Field trials performed in Indiana in 2014 used IC

with expanded slag aggregate in high early strength, full-depth concrete pavement patches

• Application of IC in the high early-strength patches

provided a concrete with two distinct benefits when compared with conventional concrete: 1) reduced built-in stress and cracking caused by the restraint of shrinkage, and 2) increased water curing (from inside the concrete) after the patches are covered with curing compound and opened to traffic.

23

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Patching and Full Depth Panel Repair

24

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 25 of 36

Outline for Today’s Talk

• We want to discuss where Internal Curing may

have applications for

• Mixture Design
• Quality Control
• Emerging Potential Benefits

– Reduce Joint Damage – Reduce ASR Damage (dilution/accomodation) – Reduced Built in Stress and Curing Times

• Pavement Applications

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 26 of 36

CRCP Pavements

• Potential reduction in shrinkage, modulus and curling
• May result in thinner sections or increased mechanical

performance and fatigue capacity

• Initial crack spacing was approximately 3x longer than

those developed in conventional sections

• Longer term monitoring has shown that this difference

in crack spacing decreases over time until the spacing is on the order of 20 to 30 percent longer than that in conventional concrete.

• Cracks in internally cured concrete remain tighter than

those in conventional concrete

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 27 of 36

JPCP Pavements

• IC may improve durability by reducing moisture

loss and improving hydration, from the extended moisture supply provided.

• IC reduces early age shrinkage and associated

plastic shrinkage cracking

• Another potential benefit to jointed pavements is

a reduction in upward slab curling resulting from internal slab moisture gradients and stresses locked in at the time of set resulting from temperature gradients during curing.

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Applications of IC in Pavements 1

• A number of IC pavement have been placed, primarily

in the Dallas-Fort Worth area using a relatively small substitution of intermediate aggregate sizes with lightweight aggregate.

• A residential subdivision in south Fort Worth, Windsor

Park, constructed in 2006-2007. A survey after 8 years in service identified no significant longitudinal or transverse cracking, plastic shrinking cracking, spalling,

• r other defects. In general, the pavement was in

excellent condition.

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Applications of IC in Pavements 2

• 1,400-foot section of

CRCP of State Highway 121 near Dallas in 2006

• Initially the cracks

in the IC had a larger spacing

• After several years,

the crack spacing was similar to that of the conventional sections; however, the cracks remained much tighter

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 30 of 36

Applications of IC in Pavements 3

• A 360-acre Union Pacific

intermodal terminal located 12 miles from downtown Dallas within the city limits of Hutchins and Wilmer

• Minor joint spalls and limited cracking have been
• bserved. Performance has been similar to the

conventional sections, with both in excellent condition.

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 31 of 36

Applications of IC in Pavements 4

• A residential subdivision in north Fort Worth,

Alexandria Meadows North, constructed in 2006-2007.

• Project contained streets both with

and without internally cured concrete.

• A field survey revealed both the

internally cured concrete and conventional pavement sections were in excellent condition, with very limited cracking.

• No slab curl was identified.

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 32 of 36

Summary - 1

• ICC has been successfully used in full-scale bridge

decks and concrete pavement patching projects.

• ICC has similar workability, strength and mechanical

property development, reduced stress development and cracking, and similar or improved durability when compared with conventional concrete.

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Summary - 2

• Aspects of proportioning and quality control

– Excel worksheets for modifying a concrete mixture and for quantifying the properties of the aggregate – Centrifuge test has substantial benefits in obtaining surface dry conditions – Prewetting may need to be modified for IC pavements due to the volume of material used

• Emerging Benefits for IC in pavement

– Potential to reduce joint damage caused by salt – Potential to reduce ASR damage (dilution/accommodation) – Reduced curing times

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 34 of 36

Summary - 3

• Field trials examining the use of ICC in continuously

reinforced concrete pavement, white topping, and jointed plain concrete pavements.

• Specific improvements hypothesized include:

– reduced shrinkage, fewer and tighter cracks, – improved fatigue resistance, and – reduced slab curling/warping

• Pavement ME Design suggests that the performance
• f ICC pavements should be superior to conventional

concrete pavements, resulting in improved life cycle

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 35 of 36

Additional Resources

http://cce.oregonstate.edu/internalcuring

Internal Curing for Pavements Prepared by Jason Weiss, Dennis Morian and Shree Rao Slide 36 of 36

Acknowledgements and Disclaimer

• These slides were developed as a part of a series

for the ARA by Jason Weiss and Dennis Morian.

• These materials are provided as general

information and do not constitute legal or other professional advise.

• Any use of this information in the design or

selection of materials for practice should be approved by the project owner and engineering-

• f-record.

Internal Curing of Concrete Pavements at the Illinois Tollway

Steve Gillen, Tollway Materials Manager February 16, 2017

About the Illinois Tollway

292-mile system comprised of five tollways Opened in 1958 as a bypass around Chicago to connect Indiana and Wisconsin Carries more than 1.6 million vehicles per day User-fee system

• Only customers who use the

Tollway pay for the Tollway

• No state or federal tax dollars

used for maintenance and

• perations

2 Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017

Internal Curing at the Illinois Tollway

Bridge decks since 2013

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 3

Pavement since 2016

Bridge Decks

Proportioning

• Performance-related mix design special provision
• Time to cracking greater than or equal to 28 days according to ASTM

C 1581

• Reduced early age shrinkage

Field performance

• No placement or finishing issues
• Significantly reduced early age cracking in bridge decks

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 4

Pavement

Ongoing research project on continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP)

• Collaboration between University of Illinois (Professor J. Roesler),

Oregon State University (Profesor W.J. Weiss) and Texas A&M University (Professor D. Zollinger)

• Three-year partnership (2015 to 2017)

Multi-year study with following components

• Laboratory concrete material research
• Innovative structural design
• Construction process improvements
• Field test section monitoring and evaluation

Additional partners

• CMC Inc.
• ESCSI Inc.

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 5

Laboratory Materials Research

Development of typical CRCP crack spacing and widths using internally cured (IC) concrete Effects of IC on curling and warping of concrete Black steel vs. epoxy-coated steel on CRCP service life especially with chloride salts Concrete mixture improvements

• Combined portland cement and supplementary cementitious

materials (SCM’s) – ternary

• Mixture proportioning adjustments – optimized
• Evaluate freeze-thaw damage potential

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 6

Innovative Structural Design

Thinner CRCP slab thickness from internal curing

• Minimize crack width
• Non-erodible support layers
• Effects of reduced steel content
• Use of sawed crack induction for better crack control

Support layer properties and erodibility

• Asphalt stabilized bases vs. roller compacted cement-treated

bases

• Designing erosion resistant layers from recycled materials
• Hamburg Wheel Load Tracking – performance tests

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 7

CRCP Test Sections 2016/2017

Nine three-lane test sections to be constructed on the Illinois Route 390 Tollway under three contracts

• Contract I-13-4629 (2000 feet)
• Contract I-14-4642 (1000 feet)
• Contract I-14-4644 (1000 feet)

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 8

9” WMA Shoulder 6” WMA Shoulder

6” Lean Concrete Base 4” Granular Subbase Special, thickness varies under shoulders

¼” to ½” Microsurfacing Bond Breaker

10.5” CRC Pavement, Internally Cured, 0.8% steel

Typical Section for Test Section 1A (Contract 4629)

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 9

Contract 1-13-4629 Construction

10

Compacting 4-inch aggregate base Paving 4-inch and 6-inch lean concrete base

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017

Contract 1-13-4629 Construction

11

Paving micro- surfacing layer Paving 2-inch warm-mix asphalt (WMA) stabilized subbase

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017

Contract 1-13-4629 Construction

12

Placing and tying steel Paving CRCP with internally cured

• ptimized ternary

concrete

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017

Typical Section for Test Section 2A (Contract 1-14-4642)

9” WMA Shoulder 9” WMA Shoulder 2” WMA Stabilized Subbase

4” Lean Concrete Base 4” Granular Subbase Special, thickness varies under shoulders 10.5” CRC Pavement, Class TL Concrete, 0.6% steel

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 13

Contract 1-14-4642 Construction

14

Paving 4-inch aggregate base Paving 4-inch lean concrete base

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017

Contract 1-14-4642 Construction (Control Section)

15

Paving 2-inch WMA stabilized subbase Placing an tying steel

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017

Contract 1-14-4642 Construction (Control Section)

16

End treatment Paving CRCP with standard optimized ternary concrete

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017

Typical Section for Test Section 3A (Contract 1-14-4644)

Two Lift 9.0” CRC Pavement, Internally Cured, 0.6% steel

3” WMA Stabilized Subbase

6” Porous Granular Subbase

9” JPCP Shoulder 9” WMA Shoulder

Capping Stone – varied thickness Capping Stone

• Varied thickness

Chemically Treated Subgrade Single Lift 9.0” CRC Pavement, Internally Cured / Fiber Reinforced, 0.6% steel

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 17

Lessons Learned with Mass Production of Internally Cured Concrete for Pavements

Good control of the pre- wetting of lightweight fines is critical

• Central mix plant

modifications likely needed for extra feed lines

• Centrifuge testing is important
• Stockpiling and pre-wetting

during production must be well planned to maintain consistency

Production rates can not be slowed with internally cured concrete for pavements

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 18

Preliminary Conclusions – Average Crack Spacing Observations of CRC Test Sections

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 19

Fiber

Preliminary Conclusions – Average Crack Width Observations of CRC Test Sections

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 20

Fiber

Future Direction for Internal Curing With CRC Pavements

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 21

Central Tri-State Tollway (I-294) Corridor

Project Limits

• 95th Street to Balmoral Avenue
• 22 miles

Existing Lanes

• Eight lanes, four in each direction

Features

• 13 interchanges
• 65 bridges carrying I-294
• ver different features
• 21 bridges over I-294
• 2 oases
• 5 mainline toll plazas

THANK YOU

Presented by Steve Gillen on February 16, 2017 22