Intelligent Compaction Intelligent Stan Rakowski Stan Rakowski - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Intelligent Compaction Intelligent Stan Rakowski Stan Rakowski - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 23, 2022 200 likes •744 views

Intelligent Compaction Intelligent Stan Rakowski Stan Rakowski Technical Services Manager Technical Services Manager Compaction Meter History Compaction Meter History Compaction meters to measure stiffness Compaction meters to measure

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SLIDE 1

Stan Rakowski Stan Rakowski

Technical Services Manager Technical Services Manager

Intelligent Intelligent Compaction

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SLIDE 2

Compaction Meter History Compaction Meter History

  • Compaction meters to measure stiffness

Compaction meters to measure stiffness

  • r modulus of soil and subbase
  • r modulus of soil and subbase

materials were developed in Europe in materials were developed in Europe in the late 70 the late 70’ ’s and 80 s and 80’ ’s. s.

  • Trials over many years show that the

Trials over many years show that the technology is fully field functional. technology is fully field functional.

  • Testing based on modulus provides

Testing based on modulus provides compaction results in real time and compaction results in real time and 100% roller coverage. 100% roller coverage.

  • Not widely used in the USA.

Not widely used in the USA.

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SLIDE 3

Sakai Compaction Control Value Sakai Compaction Control Value “ “CCV CCV” ” Operating Principle Operating Principle

P2

  • 15
  • 10
  • 5

5 10 15 20 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 時間 (秒) 加速度 (G)

Soil: Sandy loam Time (sec) 2 roller pass

Measuring drum acceleration Soil test section at SAKAI tech center

Acceleration (g)

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SLIDE 4

Accelerometer Accelerometer

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SLIDE 5

P8

  • 15
  • 10
  • 5

5 10 15 20 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

時間 (秒) 加速度 (G)

Change of Drum Change of Drum Acceleration Acceleration

  • Acceleration of drum becomes more

Acceleration of drum becomes more irregular as it encounters stiffer material. irregular as it encounters stiffer material.

P2

  • 15
  • 10
  • 5

5 10 15 20 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 時間 (秒) 加速度 (G)

2nd roller pass

Acceleration (g) Time (sec) Acceleration (g)

8 roller passes

Time (sec)

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SLIDE 6

Changes in Amplitude Spectrum and Condition of Ground

Filtered with band pass filters which correspond to 6 frequencies

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SLIDE 7

1/2F0 F0 3/2F0 2F0 5/2F0 3F0 Frequency Power spectral

1/2F0 F0 3/2F0 2F0 5/2F0 3F0 Frequency Power spectral

From Acceleration to From Acceleration to Compaction Value Compaction Value

CCV formula; CCV formula;

ＣＣＶ ＣＣＶ＝｛（Ａ１＋Ａ３＋Ａ４＋Ａ５＋Ａ６）／（Ａ１＋Ａ２）｝ ＝｛（Ａ１＋Ａ３＋Ａ４＋Ａ５＋Ａ６）／（Ａ１＋Ａ２）｝× ×１００ １００

Other formulas; Other formulas;

ＣＭＶ ＣＭＶ ＝｛（Ａ４）／（Ａ２）｝ ＝｛（Ａ４）／（Ａ２）｝× ×１００ １００ ＣＣＶ２ ＣＣＶ２＝｛（Ａ３＋Ａ４＋Ａ５＋Ａ６）／（Ａ１＋Ａ２）｝ ＝｛（Ａ３＋Ａ４＋Ａ５＋Ａ６）／（Ａ１＋Ａ２）｝× ×１００ １００ PWRI* PWRI* ＝｛√（ ＝｛√（Ａ３ Ａ３２

２＋Ａ４

＋Ａ４２

２＋Ａ５

＋Ａ５２

２＋Ａ６

＋Ａ６２

２）／√（Ａ１

）／√（Ａ１２

２＋Ａ２

＋Ａ２２

２）｝

）｝× ×１００ １００ * * PWIR : Public Works Research Institute in Japan PWIR : Public Works Research Institute in Japan

1/2F0 F0 3/2F0 2F0 5/2F0 3F0 Frequency Power spectral

1 st Pass

2 nd Pass After Multiple Passes

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A2 A4 A2

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SLIDE 8

4 8 12 16 10 20 30 40 50 60

Number of roller passes CCV CCV2 PRWI CMV

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 締固め回数 乾燥密度 (g/cm3) 2 4 8 16

砂質ローム ,締固め厚 30cm

Simulation Results Simulation Results

Number of roller Number of roller passes passes Dry density Dry density (g/cm (g/cm 3)

Type of soil-Sandy Loam Type of Roller: SV160DV

  • Comparing acceleration output data

Comparing acceleration output data using four formulas. using four formulas.

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SLIDE 9

CCV System CCV System

A/D input and D output CCV display unit Controller Battery: 12 or 24 V

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SLIDE 10
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SLIDE 11
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SLIDE 12
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SLIDE 13
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SLIDE 14

Wisconsin State Highway 77 Wisconsin State Highway 77

Sakai SV510D with CCV Sakai SV510D with CCV

  • Good correlation between nuclear

Good correlation between nuclear density gauges and CCV for density gauges and CCV for aggregate subbase. aggregate subbase.

  • CCV crucial to identifying soft areas

CCV crucial to identifying soft areas prior to paving on warranty project. prior to paving on warranty project.

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SLIDE 15

Real Time Moving Display Real Time Moving Display

Soft spot Target value indicates specified compaction level Adjusts time range from 6 to 60 sec Adjusts CCV range from 30 to 100 Moving display VALUE directly under the vibrating drum Vibration Frequency in Hz Stiff spot: No more compaction is needed.

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SLIDE 16

Density/Stiffness Correlation Density/Stiffness Correlation

CAL sw itch

y = 143.47x - 193.91 R

2 = 0.9302

10 30 50 70 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Density: γd (g/cm3) CCV

CCV is correlated w ith target density or stiffness using calibration sw itch

Required density CAL-CCV value

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SLIDE 17
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SLIDE 18
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SLIDE 19

NCHRP 21 NCHRP 21-

  • 09

09

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SLIDE 20

RTK GPS RTK GPS gives centimeter accuracy gives centimeter accuracy

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SLIDE 21

GPS Receiver & Radio GPS Receiver & Radio

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SLIDE 22

Radio modem transmitter Computer GPS receiver GPS Antenna Radio modem receiver I/F unit Signal from the roller

＊Direction ＊Vib. On/Off ＊Vib. Hi/Lo

Power source

Roller

Battery

Base

GPS Antenna RTK GPS

CCV & GPS CCV & GPS

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SLIDE 23

New Views of the Compaction Process New Views of the New Views of the Compaction Process Compaction Process

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SLIDE 24
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SLIDE 25
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SLIDE 26

True Real Time Digital Data True Real Time Digital Data

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SLIDE 27
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SLIDE 28
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SLIDE 29

2 Roller Operation and Recording

・Real Time visual display ・Recording all data.

IC(GPS+CCV) SOFTWARE

Basic CCV Software for Smaller Projects For Larger Projects

1 Make a PLAN file

・Input Job Coordinates ・Input Roller Information ・System setting ;Comm.,

3 Documentation

・System can display automated data models ・Database

Office Soft

（AutoCAD Add-In）

Roller Soft ＋ Office Soft Roller Soft ＋

3 Documentation

・System can display automated data models

2 Roller Operation and Recording

・Real Time visual display. ・Recording all data.

1 Make a PLAN file

・Input Job Coordinates ・Input Roller Information ・System setting ;Comm.,

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SLIDE 30

CCV for HMA CCV for HMA

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SLIDE 31

Number of Roller Passes Number of Roller Passes during Breakdown Rolling during Breakdown Rolling

  • NRP is not uniform.

NRP is not uniform.

Longitudinal Joint Shoulder (Supported)

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SLIDE 32

Number of Roller Passes Number of Roller Passes during Finish Rolling during Finish Rolling

  • NRP is not uniform.

NRP is not uniform.

Longitudinal Joint Shoulder (Median) side

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SLIDE 33

Stiffness of Pavement Stiffness of Pavement during Breakdown Rolling during Breakdown Rolling

1. 1.

The stiffness at the final roller pass in each The stiffness at the final roller pass in each location. location.

2. 2.

Variation: 30 to 90 MN/ m Variation: 30 to 90 MN/ m 2

2 (4,350 to

(4,350 to 13,055 PSI) . 13,055 PSI) .

Longitudinal Joint Paving Direction Shoulder side (Supported)

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SLIDE 34

Stiffness vs. Density Stiffness vs. Density during Breakdown Rolling during Breakdown Rolling

1. 1.

Better correlation Better correlation between stiffness between stiffness measured during measured during breakdown rolling breakdown rolling and core density. and core density.

2. 2.

All cores were cut All cores were cut after finishing after finishing rolling was done. rolling was done.

3. 3.

Coordinates of core Coordinates of core locations were locations were measured by GPS. measured by GPS.

R2 = 0. 56 35 40 45 50 55 88. 90. 92. 94. 96. 98. Per cent a g e

  • f

TMD[ Cor e] ( %) Eα (M N /m 2) Cent er Joi nt Si d e Shoul d er Si d e

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SLIDE 35

Stiffness of Pavement during Stiffness of Pavement during Finish Rolling Finish Rolling

1. 1.

The stiffness at the final roller pass in each The stiffness at the final roller pass in each location. location.

2. 2.

Variation: 30 to 60 MN/ m Variation: 30 to 60 MN/ m 2

2 (4,350 to 8,700

(4,350 to 8,700 PSI). PSI).

Longitudinal Joint Shoulder (Median) side Paving Direction

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SLIDE 36

Temperature of Pavement Temperature of Pavement Surface during Breakdown Surface during Breakdown Rolling Rolling

1. 1.

The surface temperature at final The surface temperature at final roller pass in each location. roller pass in each location.

2. 2.

Variation: 270 Variation: 270 o

  • F to 180

F to 180 o

  • F.

F.

Longitudinal Joint Shoulder side (Supported) Paving Direction

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SLIDE 37
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SLIDE 38
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SLIDE 39

Direction of Construction

Number of Roller Passes 1 2 3 4 5 or more

Displays the number of passes and shows compaction coverage

Number of Roller Passes Number of Roller Passes

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SLIDE 40

CCV 0 - 4 4 - 5 5 - 6 6 - 7 7 or more

Direction of Construction

CCV gives the roller measured compaction value The dots indicate the location of cores drilled from the pavement

Compaction Control Value Compaction Control Value CCV CCV

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SLIDE 41

R

2 = 0.69

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 88.0 89.0 90.0 91.0 92.0

Percentage of Theoretical Maximum (Core) [%] CCV

Correlation between CCV and Percent of Theoretical Maximum Density

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SLIDE 42
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SLIDE 43

Direction of Construction

Surface Temperature 0 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100 100 - 110 110 - 160

Surface temperature °C at compaction

Surface Temperature Surface Temperature

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SLIDE 44

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance [m] Surface Temperature [ ﾟ C]

North Lane South Lane

Direction of Construction 3 . 7 m ( 1 2 f t )

N

  • r

t h L a n e S

  • u

t h L a n e

0 m 70 m

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SLIDE 45
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SLIDE 46
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SLIDE 47

Relationship between CCV, Density (core) and Surface Temp

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

N um ber

  • f

R ol l er Passes

C C V

A r ea1 A r ea2 A r ea3 A r ea4

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

N um ber

  • f

R ol l er Passes Tem per at ur e( ℃) A r ea1 A r ea2 A r ea3 A r ea4

70 75 80 85 90 95 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

N um ber

  • f

R ol l er Passes D egr ee

  • f

C om pact i

  • n(

%)

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SLIDE 48

Distribution of CCV

8 10 12 14 16

Time [s]

30 60 90 120

E s a ( M N / m

2

)

P1 P3 P5

8 10 12 14 16

Time [s]

30 60 90 120

E s a ( M N / m2 )

P1 P3 P5 P7

Test Section 3 Test Section 4

ccv ccv

Tim e ( s) Tim e ( s)

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SLIDE 49

Realities of the Paving Job Site Realities of the Paving Job Site

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SLIDE 50

To get good information on HMA To get good information on HMA Monitor the initial conditions Monitor the initial conditions

  • Smoothness should be measured before

Smoothness should be measured before and after the test strip especially when and after the test strip especially when paved over a milled surface. paved over a milled surface.

  • Thermal and Material segregation should

Thermal and Material segregation should be measured after lay down. be measured after lay down.

  • Create new index to evaluate uniformity of

Create new index to evaluate uniformity of compaction compaction

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SLIDE 51

HMA Factors HMA Factors

  • Temperature affects stiffness, not a

Temperature affects stiffness, not a linear relationship. linear relationship.

  • Uniformity of mat placed by paver

Uniformity of mat placed by paver

  • - Material Segregation ,Temperature

Material Segregation ,Temperature variations variations

  • - Consistent paver speed and lift

Consistent paver speed and lift thickness thickness

  • Subbase condition

Subbase condition

  • Longitudinal Joint

Longitudinal Joint

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SLIDE 52

Thank you Thank you

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SLIDE 53

Compaction Area : from STA516+40 to STA517

Name of Construction : ○ ○ ○Highway Contractor : SAKAI Work Day : Dec. 20. ‘02 Number of Roller Passes

1 2 3 4 5 6 <

Operator : ○ ○ ○ Weather : Shine Layer No. : 2 Material No. : 8 Start Time : 9:00 End Time : 16:00 Work Time : 6.0 h Mean Speed : 3.55 km/h Machine : SV505 Centrifugal Force : 118 kN Drum Width : 2.13 m Mesh Size : 0.5 m