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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (Kitakyushu Urban Centre) The MRV capacity building project for local governments: The case studies of Thailand, Viet Nam and the Philippines Junko Akagi Task Manager Sustainable Cities

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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies The MRV capacity building project for local governments: The case studies of Thailand, Viet Nam and the Philippines Junko Akagi

Task Manager Sustainable Cities (Kitakyushu Urban Centre) IGES (Kitakyushu Urban Centre)

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

  • 1. Why do cities take actions

against climate change?

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Source: : IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

IPCC 5th Assessment Report (AR5, 2013)

95-100% confidence

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Cities as the largest source of global CO2

Source: : “WRI GHG Protocol City Project: Experience and Lessons Learned”, March 2013, Wee Kean Fong

Area < 2%

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok 5 https://www.cdp.net/CDPResults/CDP-global-cities-report-2014.pdf http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/PUBLICATIONS/Brochures/IPCC_AR5_Cities_Summary_FINAL_Web.pdf

Economic significance of cities Key findings from the IPCC AR5

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Key findings for cities from the IPCC AR5

6 http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/PUBLICATIONS/Brochures/IPCC_AR5_Cities_Summary_FINAL_Web.pdf

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok 7 https://www.cdp.net/infographics/cities/CDP-cities-infographic-2014.pdf

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Impacts to businesses expected by cities

8 https://www.cdp.net/CDPResults/CDP-global-cities-report-2014.pdf

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Economic

  • pportunities

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Quite a few number of cities consider climate change presents an economic opportunities.

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Local governments play an important role

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Network Mitigation Management  Planning & monitoring  Budget  Institutional arrangement  Capacity building  Introduction of technology  Awareness-raising  Learning & transferring good practices  Attracting investors

Local government

Visualization of emission status of GHGs Measurement, Reporting & Verification (MRV)

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Good governance attracts investments

PDCA cycle

 Educate city staffs  Promotion of measures  Review measures/goal  Review management structure  Disclosure of achievement  Review of the plan as a whole (at target year) Review  Check the sate of implementation, understand actual energy use  Evaluation of the state of achievement  Internal (external) auditing  Goal setting for GHG emission reduction  Concrete measures  Procedure and management structure of promotion of measures

GHG inventory is a tool of MRV

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

  • 2. MRV capacity building

project for Asian cities

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Plan Do Check Action

Planning of mitigation actions based on current emission status Implementation of mitigation measures Monitoring the effectiveness of mitigation measures Review of mitigation measures, action plans

Target setting

Mandate, Incentive

Local gov. Background:

Local governments play an important role for realizing sustainable and low‐carbon city development.

Needs & Gaps:

 Clear target setting (vision)  Sustainable institutional setup  Effective low‐carbon policy & measures  GHG accounting skills  Awareness‐raising

Capacity building In 5 partner cities Our approach for capacity building:

  • JICA NAMA/MRV Training Course in Kitakyushu (3 weeks);
  • On‐site workshop with local stakeholders;
  • Baseline studies & sharing good practices of other cities;
  • Support for action plan development;
  • JCM feasibility studies in Surabaya & Haiphong.

Workshops in Japan & partner cities Site visit in Kitakyushu City First GHG inventory

  • f Phitsanulok City

(in prep.) Rental bike station of “PUN PUN Phitsanulok”

Horizontal deployment Efficient decision making

Low‐carbon & sustainable cities in Asia!

Cebu City, The Philippines

 Baseline study in different sectors  Consideration of mitigation actions

Nonthaburi City, Thailand

 GHG inventory development

Surabaya City, Indonesia

 Feasibility studies on low‐carbon technology transfer  Estimation of mitigation potentials

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

 Action plan development  GHG inventory development

Phitsanulok City, Thailand

 GHG inventory development  Launch of rental bike scheme

Co‐benefits Regional leaders

Capacity building on low‐carbon city development for local governments in Asia

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Overall Objective To build capacity of local governments in East Asia to become ‘pioneers’ and ‘policy leaders’ in low carbon city development, particularly in MRV.

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MRV is a tool for:

  • Setting goals and designing policies/projects
  • Proving the credibility of efforts
  • Facilitate/attract further support
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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Five Milestones towards Low Carbon Municipality/City

  • 1. Conduct a baseline GHG emissions inventory and forecast
  • 2. Adopt an emissions reduction target for the forecast year
  • 3. Develop a Local Climate Action Plan
  • 4. Implement policies and measures
  • 5. Monitor & Verify Results

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Reference: ICLE 5 Milestone Methodology

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok 16

GHG inventory development status in FY2013

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Overview of the MRV Project in Phitsanulok

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Year 1 Objectives:

  • Develop the capacity to establish a draft city GHG inventory and

sustainable institutions (working group)/systems for that (using pilot global protocol (GPC) for community-level greenhouse gases)

  • Based on the above, propose low carbon city goals, strategies and

projects to Mayor, with attention to co-benefits (social, economic, environment) Visible Outputs:

  • Phitsanulok Municipality’s first city

GHG inventory report (in English and Thai), including some proposed low carbon city projects

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok 18

Activities/Outputs

Phitsanulok IGES Partners

Deliverables

Set up formal working group for low carbon city

Coordination Support Recommendations to Mayor for low-carbon city goal, policies and projects.

Stock-taking

Provide information Compile information Report

Training

  • JICA-IGES Kitakyushu
  • Mid-term WS/Training
  • Final WS/Training
  • In-between training

(as necessary)

Help to

  • rganise and

participate in the training, Provide feedback Coordinate the training JICA, Nonthaburi and others (TGO, NMT and others) Report, PR materials

GHG emissions Inventory

Collect data Support and guidance Nonthaburi, WRI A draft inventory

Project GHG reduction calculation

Collect data Support and guidance Nonthaburi, WRI A draft project inventory

Recommendations to National/International Stakeholders

Provide feedback Disseminate WRI Report

Roles for Collaboration – A Summary (1 year)

X X

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Current State of Phitsanulok Municipality’s GHG Inventory Data Collection (As of 2013)

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1. Relevance

  • 10% electricity reduction policy (national goal but how is it applied to local

government?)

  • Does it help to reach Phitsanulok’s development goals?

2. Completeness

  • Still at municipal-level inventory, need to cover missing sectors

(residential, commercial and transport) to achieve city-wide inventory 3. Consistency

  • IGES will provide guidance (try to harmonise with global and national

methodology and standards) 4. Transparency

  • Collect supporting documents (electricity and fuel purchase bills etc.)

systematically where possible, as best practice 5. Accuracy

  • Data quality should be improved over time

Relevant data were collected in 2014 and under the process of inventory development

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Energy database (municipal level)

  • Data collection

system for energy use at municipal buildings

  • Developed by

Phitsanulok City

  • fficials in 2013

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Phitsanulok, Thailand

  • Drafting first GHG Inventory Report (2013-2014)

– Establishment of data collection system – Energy Database (municipality level)

  • Launched rental bike program (2014-)

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In prep.

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Some Lessons Learnt from Experience in other Cities

1. Challenging to mainstream climate change into existing planning and policy processes

  • Not a real priority / not fitting with local government legal mandate

2. Difficult to sustain data collection on an annual basis

  • Inter-departmental coordination and cooperation is crucial
  • Leadership from the high-level is essential

3. Incentives and benefits for low-carbon city measures are required

  • Measures should be ‘no-regrets’ and contribute to real economic, social

and environmental benefits. 4. Limited authority of single municipality in certain sectors such as transport & energy

  • However, local government (municipalities) can still be an effective

leader in convening, coordinating and educating local stakeholders such as residents, private sector, schools etc.

  • Local governments can be a source of innovation to influence national

policy

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok 23

Education Public Works Public Health & Env. Phitsanulok fans Finance Social Welfare Tech Services & Planning Water Supply Office of Municipal Clerk

Towards a Low Carbon Phitsanulok!

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Your Name Here IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Workshop title, Date, Venue Here 24

MRV Capacity Building for HCMC (From FY2013 on)

Approach:

DONRE CCB’s needs-base

–

Baseline analysis for developing low-carbon action plans incl. GHG inventory

Achievements in FY2014:

Establishment of institutional arrangements for systematic data collection system

–

Data collection conducted by DONRE CCB staffs

–

One staff for one sector

–

Enhanced cross-departmental communications

First GHG inventory data

Development of a GHG inventory accounting tool

Action by IGES/KUC:

Invitation of DONRE CCB staffs to a JICA NAMA/MRV training

GHG inventory development

–

Guidance for data collection in line with IPCC guidelines

–

Regular consultation with DONRE CCB staffs

There are many challenges

Temporal? Completeness? Reliability?

DONRE: Department of Natural Resources and Environment CCB: Climate Change Bureau

As part of Climate Change Action Plan for 2016- 2020

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Your Name Here IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Workshop title, Date, Venue Here 25

Work schedule & activities in FY2014

Timing Action overview May 1st discussion with HCMC-CCB：

  • Discussion with HCMC-CCB for

implementation plan and schedule July 2nd discussion with HCMC-CCB：

  • Discussion with officials what kinds
  • f data to be collected for which

sectors August 3rd discussion with HCMC-CCB：

  • Check

the progress

  • n

data collection December 4th discussion with HCMC-CCB：

  • Advice on the data collection for a

GHG inventory January Workshop in HCMC：

  • Making a presentation to inform
  • ur work progress to stakeholders
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Your Name Here IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Workshop title, Date, Venue Here 26

Data collected by HCMC-CCB in 2014

2013 data

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Your Name Here IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Workshop title, Date, Venue Here 27

GHG emissions in HCMC (2013) [Preliminary results]

Sector

In accordance with IPCC GLs & HCMC’s report

GHG emissions

[Gg CO2 eq.]

Note

Energy 16,716.47 21% of Vietnam’s total 2005 Fuel 5,191.83 Electricity 11,524,65 Water management 116.18 Mainly electricity use Industrial Processes NE Agriculture 630.79 0.8% of Vietnam’s total 2005 Land-use & Forestry NE Waste 822.91 10% of Vietnam’s total 2005 Solid waste disposal on site 772.91 Wastewater NE Domestic, Industrial, Medical Other 50.00 Incineration, Compost Total GHG emissions 18,170.17 Sum of “Energy”, “Agriculture” & “Waste” 8.9% of Vietnam’s total 2005

Note: Estimated by IGES by utilizing the data collected by HCMC DONRE CCB. IPCC 2006 Guidelines were referred to. The results may be revised upon provision of additional data, correction of errors, etc. “Industrial processes” and “Land-use & Forestry” sectors are not estimated (“NE”).

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Your Name Here IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Workshop title, Date, Venue Here 28

Challenges in HCMC

Data availability

Data do not exist;

Data exist, but;

Only national scale data;

Only limited range of city

Data not suited for IPCC’s methodologies

Not readily accessible (sometimes need to purchase)

Collection is uneasy (paper records)

Confidential data

Scattered across departments

Data reliability

Public data are not reliable;

Similar sets of data exist in several departments, but all different;

No one can judge which data should be used for accounting;

Quality assurance & control

Such process does not exist

Double-counting & missing data

Institutional arrangements

No solid interaction with other departments

Relying on personal connection

Capacity of local governments

GHG accounting skill

Development skill of specific actions based on the collected data

Database development

Management system for collected data

Application of GHG inventory data

How to use the dataset for PDCA

Need continuous support by experts

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Your name IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Title of the Conference, Date, Venue HERE

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(Presentation Title here)

Cebu, The Philippines

  • Baseline study for GHG emissions in 2013

– Transport and Industry sectors are the major emission sources in Cebu City

  • Cebu City’s low carbon initiative received “2015 Philippines Walkable &

Bikable Communities Awards”

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Your name IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Title of the Conference, Date, Venue HERE

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(Presentation Title here)

GHG emissions related to energy in Cebu

  • Baseline survey was conducted by local government, consultants and IGES.
  • GHG inventory for energy sector was available from WB report.
  • Baseline data for other sectors were also collected, and policy

recommendations were made.

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Energy consumption in Cebu City GHG emissions by sector in Cebu City

Source; World Bank, 2013

Transportation Industry Residential Commercial Public services

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

  • 3. Common challenges and

constraints encountered by municipality

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Common challenges and constraints encountered by municipality

  • Lack of mandate and/or incentive

– There is no legal obligation for GHG inventory development – Policymakers do not find advantages from the inventory development

  • Lack of institutional arrangements

– There is no leadership for coordination of GHG inventory development – No clear assignment of roles and responsibilities for actors – There is no sustainable system for data collection

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Common challenges and constraints encountered by municipality

  • Lack of capacity

– Actors do not know well about GHG inventory – Actors do not have enough skills for data collection, management, processing and accounting – Actors do not have enough experience with quality control and/or assurance for GHG inventory – Actors do not have coordination skills for ‘open up’ and maintenance of data collection channel

  • Lack of resources

– Sufficient manpower and/or budget are not allocated for this kind of work

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Common challenges and constraints encountered by municipality

  • Lack of data

– Data itself is missing – Data is scattered across departments – Data access is limited (e.g., corporate data, confidentiality) – There is no legal obligation for data collection – Data is available, but information on the data sources is missing – Data is available under different reporting schemes, but actors can not judge whether the data can be applicable to GHG inventory

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Common challenges and constraints encountered by municipality

  • Lack of active use of GHG inventory

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GHG inventory Baseline data for mitigation actions

  • AR5 highlights two key knowledge gaps important in relation to mitigation that

can be addressed by cities and their local governments.

  • These are the lack of emissions data at a local level and the lack of

consistency and comparability on local emissions accounting methods, demanding the development, standardisation and active use of GHG inventories in cities.

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok

Summary

  • More and more attention is paid to cities from various stakeholders,

and momentum exists for cities to take actions against climate change;

  • GHG inventory is a tool of MRV & governance;
  • Guidelines are available for city wide GHG inventory development,

although the use of any particular guidelines is not mandated;

  • Data collection is the hardest part for the inventory development;
  • Provision of mandate and/or incentive and clear indication of

benefits for cities by national and/or local governments can facilitate a GHG inventory development, and subsequently the implementation of mitigation actions.

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Junko Akagi, IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

(The MRV capacity building project for local governments)

Seminar: Low Carbon City Development, 30-31 March 2015, Mida City Resourt, Bangkok 37

Thank you

akagi@iges.or.jp