INNOVATIONS IN THE REASONED ACTION APPROACH: APPLICATIONS AND - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

INNOVATIONS IN THE REASONED ACTION APPROACH: APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

• Dr. Paul Branscum

Miami University branscpw@miamioh.edu

• “He who loves practice without theory is like the sailor who boards ship without a

rudder and compass and never knows where he may cast.”

• Leonardo Da Vinci, 1452-1519

Attitudes

(Experiential/ Instrumental)

Behavioral Beliefs X Outcome Expectations

Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Comply Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions

Environmental Constraints

Perceived Norms

(Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms)

Skills

Perceived Behavioral Control

(Capacity/Autonomy)

Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Autonomy

THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH

The Reasoned Action Approach

THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH

Attitudes

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions

Perceived Norms

Perceived Behavioral Control

RAA The Reasoned Action Approach The Theory of Planned Behavior

Attitudes

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions

Perceived Norms

Perceived Behavioral Control

THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH

RAA TPB TRA The Reasoned Action Approach The Theory of Planned Behavior The Theory of Reasoned Action

Attitudes

(Experiential/ Instrumental)

Behavioral Beliefs X Outcome Expectations

Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Comply Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions

Environmental Constraints

Perceived Norms

(Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms)

Skills

Perceived Behavioral Control

(Capacity/Autonomy)

Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Autonomy

THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH

The Reasoned Action Approach

“THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE”

• Why even talk about TRA/TPB/RAA???
• A defining characteristic of Fishbein and Ajzen’s early

work was on identifying and studying SINGLE behaviors.

Attitudes

Behavioral Beliefs X Outcome Expectations Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Comply Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions

Environmental Constraints

Perceived Norms

Skills

Perceived Behavioral Control

Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Autonomy

• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Defining and Predicting Behavior
• TACT
• Target

Action Context Time-Frame

• “Because our concern is with predicting and understanding human social

behavior, the first and in some ways the most crucial step is to clearly define the behavior of interest, a task that is much more complex than it might at first appear (p. 29).

“THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE”

DEFINING BEHAVIORS

“Getting a flu-shot during the month of November from your primary care physician”

DEFINING BEHAVIORS

• At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300 minutes (5 hours)

a week of moderate-intensity aerobic PA

• OR 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes (2 hours and 30

minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA

• OR An equivalent combination of BOTH.

***Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout the week.****

“Physical Activity”

*(More specifically Aerobic PA)

DEFINING BEHAVIORS

“Physical Activity”

DEFINING BEHAVIORS

“Physical Activity”

DEFINING BEHAVIORS

“Physical Activity”

DEFINING BEHAVIORS

“Physical Activity”

DEFINING BEHAVIORS

“Physical Activity”

DEFINING BEHAVIORS

• At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300

minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity aerobic PA

• OR 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes

(2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA

• OR An equivalent combination of BOTH.

***Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout the week.****

“Physical Activity”

*(More specifically Aerobic PA)

• Walk at least 60 a minutes a day.
• Swim at least 45 a minutes a day.
• Go jogging/running at least 30 minutes on

most days of the week.

Attitudes

(Experiential/ Instrumental)

Behavioral Beliefs X Outcome Expectations

Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Comply Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions

Environmental Constraints

Perceived Norms

(Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms)

Skills

Perceived Behavioral Control

(Capacity/Autonomy)

Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Autonomy

THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH

“Behavioral Category”

RAA APPLIED TO MULTIPLE BEHAVIOR INTERVENTIONS

Robert Hornik

• 1. An intervention encouraging a

‘behavioral category’ can produce changes in many sub-behaviors

• 2. Single behavior interventions diffuse to

like behaviors.

AN INTERVENTION ENCOURAGING A ‘BEHAVIORAL CATEGORY’ CAN PRODUCE CHANGES IN MANY SUB-BEHAVIORS

• At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300

minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity aerobic PA

• OR 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes

(2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA

• OR An equivalent combination of BOTH.

***Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout the week.****

• Walk at least 60 a minutes a day.
• Swim at least 45 a minutes a day.
• Go jogging/running at least 30 minutes on

most days of the week.

Intervention

SINGLE BEHAVIOR INTERVENTIONS DIFFUSE TO LIKE BEHAVIORS

• At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300

minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity aerobic PA

• OR 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes

(2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA

• OR An equivalent combination of BOTH.

***Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout the week.****

Intervention

• “Muscle Strengthening Physical Activity”
• 2 days per week
• Chest
• Legs
• Arms
• Etc..
• Eating a healthy diet
• Eat more fruits/veggies
• Reduce calorie intake

“Obesogenic Behaviors”

Attitudes towards Behavior Perceived Norms Perceived Behavioral Control FV Intentions FV or SSB Monitoring Practices Perceived Behavioral Control Perceived Norms Attitudes towards Behavior

RAA model for FV Monitoring Practices RAA model for SSB Monitoring Practices

SSB Intentions Indicates direct path between behavioral antecedents of the same behavior Indicates cross-path between behavioral antecedents of different behaviors

Make sure my preschooler does not drink sugary beverages Make sure my preschooler eats half of his/her plate filled with fruits and vegetables at least 5 days a week

“Parental Practices Regarding Obesogenic Behaviors”

Attitudes

(Experiential/ Instrumental)

Behavioral Beliefs X Outcome Expectations

Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Comply Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions

Environmental Constraints

Perceived Norms

(Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms)

Skills

Perceived Behavioral Control

(Capacity/Autonomy)

Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Autonomy

Determinants of Intentions

Direct Measures Indirect Measures

DIRECT VS INDIRECT INJUNCTIVE NORMS

• Direct Measures
• Most people whose opinions I value

would approve of my sleeping 7-9 hours per night… Strongly Agree/Disagree

• Indirect Measures
• Normative Belief
• My PARENTS think that I should sleep 7-9

hours per night….Strongly Agree/Disagree

• Motivation to Comply
• I want to do what my PARENTS think that

I should do….Strongly Agree/Disagree

= ≠

OLD: You can look at these as TWO WAYS to measure the SAME CONSTRUCT NOW: NOT REALLY THE SAME THING…. OLD NOW

INJUNCTIVE NORMS

Generalized Injunctive Norms

(IN)

Example Item: Most people who are important to me want me to sleep at least 7-9 hours every night of the week (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Injunctive Normative Belief (inbi)

Example Item: My parents want me to sleep at least 7- 9 hours every night of the week. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Motivation to Comply (mtci)

Example Item: For matters related to health, I want to do what my parents think I should do. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Product of Belief Strength and Value-Laden Constructs (inbi x mtci)

• Reflective Measures

Formative Measures

“Generalized” Injunctive Norms Determinants of Injunctive Norms

Most People who are important to me want me to Sleep 7-9 hours per night… Strongly Agree/Disagree

Generalized Injunctive Norms

(IN)

Example Item: Most people who are important to me want me to sleep at least 7-9 hours every night of the week (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Injunctive Normative Belief (inbi)

Example Item: My parents want me to sleep at least 7- 9 hours every night of the week. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Motivation to Comply (mtci)

Example Item: For matters related to health, I want to do what my parents think I should do. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Product of Belief Strength and Value-Laden Constructs (inbi x mtci)

• Most people whose opinions I value would approve of my

sleeping 7-9 hours per night… Strongly Agree/Disagree

INJUNCTIVE NORMS

Most People Want me to Sleep 7-9 hours per night…

Generalized Injunctive Norms

(IN)

Example Item: Most people who are important to me want me to sleep at least 7-9 hours every night of the week (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Injunctive Normative Belief (inbi)

Example Item: My parents want me to sleep at least 7- 9 hours every night of the week. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Motivation to Comply (mtci)

Example Item: For matters related to health, I want to do what my parents think I should do. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Product of Belief Strength and Value-Laden Constructs (inbi x mtci)

• Who makes up this feeling?

Parents? Spouse?

Professor?

INJUNCTIVE NORMS

Generalized Injunctive Norms

(IN)

Example Item: Most people who are important to me want me to sleep at least 7-9 hours every night of the week (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Injunctive Normative Belief (inbi)

Example Item: My parents want me to sleep at least 7- 9 hours every night of the week. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Motivation to Comply (mtci)

Example Item: For matters related to health, I want to do what my parents think I should do. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Product of Belief Strength and Value-Laden Constructs (inbi x mtci)

• My PARENTS think that I should sleep 7-9 hours per night….Strongly Agree/Disagree

My SPOUSE thinks that I should sleep 7-9 hours per night….Strongly Agree/Disagree My PROFESSORS think that I should sleep 7-9 hours per night….Strongly Agree/Disagree

Generalized Injunctive Norms

(IN)

Example Item: Most people who are important to me want me to sleep at least 7-9 hours every night of the week (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Injunctive Normative Belief (inbi)

Example Item: My parents want me to sleep at least 7- 9 hours every night of the week. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Motivation to Comply (mtci)

Example Item: For matters related to health, I want to do what my parents think I should do. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Product of Belief Strength and Value-Laden Constructs (inbi x mtci)

• I might believe my parents “think” I should do this, but do I care?

Do I place equal value of opinions for my parents, spouse, professors?

Generalized Injunctive Norms

(IN)

Example Item: Most people who are important to me want me to sleep at least 7-9 hours every night of the week (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Injunctive Normative Belief (inbi)

Example Item: My parents want me to sleep at least 7- 9 hours every night of the week. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Motivation to Comply (mtci)

Example Item: For matters related to health, I want to do what my parents think I should do. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Product of Belief Strength and Value-Laden Constructs (inbi x mtci)

• I want to do what my SPOUSE thinks that I should do….Strongly Agree/Disagree

I want to do what my PROFESSORS think that I should do….Strongly Agree/Disagree I want to do what my PARENTS think that I should do….Strongly Agree/Disagree

I want to do what my SPOUSE thinks that I should do….Strongly Agree/Disagree I want to do what my PROFESSORS think that I should do….Strongly Agree/Disagree I want to do what my PARENTS think that I should do….Strongly Agree/Disagree My PARENTS think that I should sleep 7-9 hours per night….Strongly Agree/Disagree My SPOUSE thinks that I should sleep 7-9 hours per night….Strongly Agree/Disagree My PROFESSORS think that I should sleep 7-9 hours per night….Strongly Agree/Disagree

EXPECTANCY (Scored 1 to 7) VALUE (Scored -3 to +3) x (multiply)

x x x = = =

Case Study 1 Injunctive Normative Motivation to Belief Strength Comply inbi

mtci

Composite inbi x mtci Correlation with TIN (range 1 to 7) (range -3 to +3) (range -21 to +21) inbi x mtci Referent (sample size n) M SD M SD M SD (Pearson’s r) Spouse/significant other (310) 4.57 2.10 0.59 2.15 4.55 10.97 0.40*** Friends (400) 4.14 1.95

• 0.09

1.99 1.36 9.43 0.37*** Children (351) 4.21 1.97 0.55 2.03 4.00 9.60 0.43*** Parents (371) 4.46 2.03 0.15 1.99 2.60 10.08 0.39*** Case Study 2 inbi mtci Composite inbi x mtci Correlation with TIN (range 1 to 7) (range -3 to +3) (range -21 to +21) inbi x mtci Referent (sample size n) M SD M SD M SD Parents (273) 6.19 1.16 1.33 1.52 8.64 9.92 0.22*** Friends (276) 4.61 1.59 0.39 1.64 2.96 7.79 0.21*** Extended Family Members (203) 5.22 1.49 0.10 1.75 1.70 9.22 0.28*** Professors (227) 4.99 2.58 0.30 1.72 2.79 8.72 0.35*** Case Study 3 inbi mtci Composite inbi x mtci Correlation with TIN (range 1 to 7) (range -3 to +3) (range -21 to +21 inbi x mtci Referent (sample size n) M SD M SD M SD Parents (370) 5.36 1.50 0.55 1.84 4.32 10.07 0.43*** Friends (365) 4.66 1.54 0.01 1.75 1.42 8.66 0.34*** Significant Other (197) 5.18 1.62 0.90 1.93 6.56 9.85 0.44*** Coach/Personal Trainer (99) 5.84 1.63 1.19 1.90 9.41 9.61 0.45***

• Note. TIN means total injunctive norms.

Significant * at p < .05, ** at p. < .01, *** at p. < .001.

Branscum, P., Collado Rivera, M., Fairchild, G., & Qualls Fay. (2017). Do injunctive and descriptive normative beliefs need a value-laden multiplier in value expectancy models? a case series across multiple health behaviors. Health Behavior Research, 1(1), 1-15.

Attitudes (Experiential/ Instrumental) Behavioral Beliefs X Outcome Expectations Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Comply Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents

Determinants

• f Attitudes

Determinants

• f Injunctive

Norms Determinants

• f Descriptive

Norms Determinants

• f Perceived

Behavioral Control

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions Actual Control Environmental Constraints Skills & Abilities Perceived Norms (Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms) Perceived Behavioral Control (Capacity/Autonomy) Control Beliefs X Perceived Power

Determinants of Health Behaviors Determinants of Intentions

Figure 1: The Reasoned Action Approach

Attitudes (Experiential/ Instrumental) Behavioral Beliefs X Outcome Expectations Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Comply Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents

Determinants

• f Attitudes

Determinants

• f Injunctive

Norms Determinants

• f Descriptive

Norms Determinants

• f Perceived

Behavioral Control

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions Actual Control Environmental Constraints Skills & Abilities Perceived Norms (Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms) Perceived Behavioral Control (Capacity/Autonomy) Control Beliefs X Perceived Power

Determinants of Health Behaviors Determinants of Intentions

Figure 1: The Reasoned Action Approach

Public Health Interventions

HISTORY

Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior

An Introduction to Theory and Research

THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

Behavior

THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

Behavior Intention

THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

Behavior Intention Attitude

THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

Behavior Intention Attitude Special type of Attitude

THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

Behavior Intention Attitude Special type of Attitude Belief

THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

Behavior Intention Attitude Special type of Attitude Belief Attitude

THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

Behavior Intention Attitude Special type of Attitude Belief Belief Attitude

THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

Behavior Intention Attitude Special type of Attitude Belief Belief Attitude Motivation??

MOTIVATION TO COMPLY

• While there is a great deal of empirical evidence that shows there are valid

and reliable methods to evaluate the constructs of the TPB/RAA, one construct of the model, motivation to comply (mtc), has remained problematic.

Montaño, D.E., Thompson, B., Taylor, V.M., & Mahloch, J. (1997). Budd RJ, North D, Spencer C. (1984) Sayeed, S., Fishbein, M., Hornik, R., Cappella, J., & Kirkland Ahern, R. (2005)

Will college students binge drink in the upcoming semester?

• Most people who are important to me want me to

avoid binge drinking in the upcoming semester. (Generalized Injunctive Norms)

• My <referent> want me to avoid binge drinking in the

upcoming semester (Injunctive Normative Belief)

• I want to do what my <referent> think I should do

(Motivation to Comply)

MOTIVATION TO COMPLY

Generalized Injunctive Norms

(IN)

Example Item: Most people who are important to me want me to sleep at least 7-9 hours every night of the week (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Injunctive Normative Belief (inbi)

Example Item: My parents want me to sleep at least 7- 9 hours every night of the week. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Motivation to Comply (mtci)

Example Item: For matters related to health, I want to do what my parents think I should do. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree)

Product of Belief Strength and Value-Laden Constructs (inbi x mtci)

Do I care about ALL the decisions my parents want me to make? About my health? About my study-habits? About the amount of children I have? Do I care about ALL the decisions my spouse want me to make? About my health? About my study-habits? About the amount of children I have? Do I care about ALL the decisions my professors want me to make? About my health? About my study-habits? About the amount of children I have?

MOTIVATION TO COMPLY

I WANT TO DO WHAT MY <REFERENT> THINKS I SHOULD DO

MOTIVATION TO COMPLY

• “We recommend staying at the general level of motivation to comply with a particular

referent because once we have assessed a person’s normative belief and behavioral intention, a behavior-specific measure of motivation to comply becomes redundant, adding no unique information.” [p. 138]

• “However, because a given referent’s power base is likely to vary from domain to domain, it

may be preferable to assess domain specific motivation to comply. For example, physicians have expertise in the health domain, but not necessarily in such domains as entertainment or cooking. We might thus be motivated to comply with physicians only when it comes to our health and asking about general motivation to comply might underestimate their influence on our behavior in the health domain.” [p. 138]

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: the reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

CURRENT STATE OF LITERATURE LEVEL OF SPECIFICITY VARIES FROM STUDY TO STUDY

• General (I want to do what my <referent> thinks I should do) (Blue, et al., 2001)
• Behavioral (for general dating behaviors) (Etcheverry, et al., 2016)
• TACT
• behavioral (adherence to daily airway clearance treatments for cystic fibrosis

patients) (Grossoehme, et al., 2016)

• Some studies do not report (Ickes, et al., 2011)

• General
• Health
• Behavioral
• TACT
• Behavior

In general, I want to do what my <referent> think(s) I should do For matters related to health, I want to do what my <referent> think(s) I should do For matters related to drinking alcohol, I want to do what my <referent> think(s) I should do When it comes to me avoiding binge drinking in the upcoming semester, I want to do what my <referent> think(s) I should do

MOTIVATION TO COMPLY: DOMAINS

Variable Observed General Health Behavior TACT F statistic p-value Range Domain Domain Domain Domain (n=58) (n=60) (n=56) (n=60) Mean(SD) Mean(SD) Mean(SD) Mean(SD) Age (years) 18 to 30 20.9 (2.53) 21.2 (2.78) 20.3 (1.73) 20.8 (2.38) 1.473 0.223 PA Intentions

• 3 to +3

0.54 (1.88) 0.33 (1.55) 0.67 (1.59) 0.66 (1.63) 0.519 0.670 PA Injunctive Norms

• 3 to +3

0.95 (1.21) 0.72 (1.19) 1.17 (1.06) 0.82 (1.23) 1.522 0.210 Sleep Intentions

• 3 to +3

0.45 (1.75) 0.62 (1.73) 1.22 (1.42) 0.84 (1.45) 2.469 0.063 Sleep Injunctive Norms

• 3 to +3

1.49 (1.19) 1.20 (1.14) 1.45 (1.12) 1.64 (0.99) 1.642 0.181 Abbreviations: PA (Physical Activity)

Branscum, P., & Senkowski, V. (in press). Does level of specificity impact measures of motivation to comply? A randomized controlled trial. Translational Behavioral Medicine.

Sleep Behavior Belief Motivation to Injunctive Strength (inbi) Comply (mtci) Composite inbi x mtci Correlation with INJ Normative Belief (range 1 to 7) (range -3 to 3) (range -21 to 21) inbi x mtci (Sample Size n) M SD M SD M SD Method 1 Parents (58) 6.40 1.03 0.72 1.51 4.88 9.82 0.17 General Domain Friends (58) 4.98 1.52 0.34 1.21 2.45 5.99 0.28* Professor (58) 5.21 1.60 0.50 1.57 3.74 7.83 0.41** Method 2 Parents (60) 6.27 0.94 0.80 1.39 5.18 9.13 0.29* Health Domain Friends (60) 5.13 1.26 0.23 1.24 1.57 6.54 0.17 Professor (60) 5.08 1.84

• 0.17

1.49 0.37 7.67 0.35** Method 3 Parents (56) 6.38 0.96 0.64 1.79 4.66 11.09 0.27* General Domain Friends (56) 5.16 1.36 0.16 1.68 2.16 8.97 0.41** Professor (56) 5.38 1.75 0.05 1.76 2.07 9.03 0.27* Method 4 Parents (60) 6.58 0.72 1.35 1.77 9.50 11.68 0.29* TACT Domain Friends (60) 4.77 1.37 0.38 1.57 2.78 7.64 0.21 Professor (60) 5.22 1.81 0.50 1.99 5.00 9.66 0.15

• Note. Significant at p < .05*; p. < .01**; p. < .001***.

Physical Activity Behavior Method 1 Parents (58) 5.47 1.60 0.72 1.51 4.47 8.80 0.30* General Domain Friends (58) 4.60 1.40 0.34 1.21 1.93 5.76 0.41** Significant Other (26) 5.04 1.61 0.65 1.62 4.85 6.79 0.36 Method 2 Parents (60) 4.80 1.55 0.80 1.39 4.73 6.56 0.28* Health Domain Friends (60) 3.97 1.30 0.23 1.24 1.67 4.93 0.25* Significant Other (28) 4.89 1.69 1.50 1.34 8.54 8.04 0.45** Method 3 Parents (56) 5.34 1.70 0.14 1.79 2.50 9.90 0.35** General Domain Friends (56) 4.59 1.35

• 0.30

1.54

• 0.55

7.60 0.24 Significant Other (32) 5.03 1.79 0.50 1.87 4.19 9.30 0.48** Method 4 Parents (60) 5.15 1.64 0.15 1.87 2.45 9.83 0.44*** TACT Domain Friends (60) 4.33 1.42 0.18 1.67 1.90 8.00 0.38** Significant Other (36) 5.00 1.71 1.06 1.79 6.50 9.68 0.37*

• Note. Significant at p < .05*; p. < .01**; p. < .001***.

CURRENT PROBLEM: WHAT ARE WE MEASURING?

My <Referent> approval of my medical practice is important to me’ <Not at all/Very Much> (Francis, et al.,

2004)

I generally like to drive in the way that the police would approve of… <Strongly Agree/Strongly Disagree> (Conner, et al., 2003) In general, how much do you care about what each of the following thinks you should do? (Manstead, et al.,

1983)

How important is it for you to drink the same amount of sugar-sweetened beverages as your friends do?

(Zoellner, et al., 2012)

FUTURE DIRECTION

“How much the actor values the opinions

• f particular referents with respect to a

particular object or behavior”.

Also label mtc an ‘ill-named’ concept, because they assert mtc should represent how one values the wishes of a referent (attitude), rather than how much an individual wants to comply with a referent (motivation/intention).

“Degree to which a person wants to act in accordance with the perceived wishes of those significant in his or her life”

• In Fishbein and Ajzen’s original conceptualization of the TRA, they clearly

stated that mtc is a measure of motivation, or intentions, and not attitudes.

FUTURE DIRECTION

• “Perhaps of greater promise is an approach suggesting that motivation to comply can be interpreted as the

person’s intention to comply with the referent in question” [p.366]

• Attitudes to comply
• Affective (Experiential)
• Cognitive (Instrumental)
• Pressure to comply
• Other measures not involving compliance?
• Attitudes about the referent?

Attitudes

Behavioral Beliefs X Outcome Expectations Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Comply Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions

Environmental Constraints

Perceived Norms

Skills

Perceived Behavioral Control

Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Autonomy

THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH

Attitudes

(Experiential/ Instrumental)

Behavioral Beliefs X Outcome Expectations

Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Comply Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents

Health Behavior Behavioral Intentions

Environmental Constraints

Perceived Norms

(Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms)

Skills

Perceived Behavioral Control

(Capacity/Autonomy)

Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Autonomy

THANKS! QUESTIONS?

“We will not reach the stars by looking for even taller trees to climb – we will need to spend time evolving a technology that allows us to build spaceships.”

Susan Michie and colleagues

REFERENCES

• Branscum, P., Collado Rivera, M., Fairchild, G., & Qualls Fay. (2017). Do injunctive and descriptive normative beliefs need a value-

laden multiplier in value expectancy models? a case series across multiple health behaviors. Health Behavior Research, 1(1), 1-15.

• Branscum, P., & Senkowski, V. (in press). Does level of specificity impact measures of motivation to comply? A randomized

controlled trial. Translational Behavioral Medicine.

• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: the reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
• Blue, C. L., Wilbur, J., & Marston-Scott, M. V. (2001). Exercise among blue-collar workers: application of the theory of planned
• behavior. Research in Nursing & Health, 24(6), 481-493.
• Etcheverry, P. E., & Agnew, C. R. (2016). Predictors of motivation to comply with social referents regarding one's romantic
• relationship. Personal Relationships, 23(2), 214-233.
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