IN5320 - Development in Platform Ecosystems Lecture 2: Information - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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IN5320 - Development in Platform Ecosystems Lecture 2: Information - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 23, 2023 311 likes •890 views

IN5320 - Development in Platform Ecosystems Lecture 2: Information systems and complexity 21th of September 2020 Department of Informatics, University of Oslo Magnus Li - magl@ifi.uio.no 1 Todays lecture Aim: - To provide context to

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IN5320 - Development in Platform Ecosystems

Lecture 2: Information systems and complexity

21th of September 2020 Department of Informatics, University of Oslo Magnus Li - magl@ifi.uio.no

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Today’s lecture

Aim:

  • To provide context to platform concepts
  • Gain a fundamental understanding of what we mean by ‘Information

Systems’

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Today’s lecture

Four important concepts

1. Information Systems 2. Complexity 3. Socio-technical complexity 4. Standards 5. Architecture

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The point of research and theory

  • Research is typically driven by problems that we need to understand better or ‘solve’
  • Within the field of IS, existing research may serve two purposes for us in this endeavour:

a) As related literature that says something about the problem. b) As theory that provides us a language / lens to analyze the problem, how to investigate it further, or our findings related to it. Software Platform concepts and the topics that will be covered in the following weeks are relevant to both aspects (understanding relevant IS problems, and conceptual language for analysis).

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Information Systems

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Information Systems

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  • Information Systems does not equal information technologies
  • Information technologies does not equal digital technologies
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ICT

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3200 B.C Ca 1450 A.C 1792 - 1881

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ICT

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Information Systems

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Information Technology - examples?

Laptops Smartphones Tablets Smartboards Servers SMS Software (email, calendars, snapchat, etc.) Paper forms Whiteboards Notepads Mail Pneumatic tubes

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Information Systems

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Information Technology - examples?

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Information Systems

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Information Technology

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Information Systems

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An information system is not the information technology alone, but the system that emerges from the mutually transformational interactions between the information technology and the

  • rganization.

(Allen S. Lee, 2004)

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Information Systems

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What makes an organization?

Organizations and institutions are, as many social phenomenon, inter-subjective entities. “You could kill every employee and stakeholder in Peugeot, but the corporate entity would still exist. The building isn’t Peugeot — it can move offices. Peugeot could make planes rather than cars, so it isn’t what they do that defines them. The only thing that makes Peugeot Peugeot is everyone’s agreement that Peugeot exists, duly noted in the papers of some lawyer”

Corey Breier, 2016 paraphrasing from “Sapiens” by Yuval Harari

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Information Systems

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Organization

An organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a business or government department. (Oxford english dictionary) Humans Technologies / artifacts Routines Culture Products ++++

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Information Systems

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  • ‘Practices’ is a fundamental part of organizations

“The customary, habitual, or expected procedure or way of doing of something.” (Oxford English dictionary)

  • Practices often emerge through production and reproduction
  • May be cultivated towards a desired state, but cannot be strictly

designed or controlled.

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‘Socio-technical

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  • We often say that information systems are socio-technical

Socio Humans Routines and practices Hierarchies Norms Rules Politics Motives Culture ++ Technical Physical structures and artifacts Hardware Software Paper-based tools ++

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‘Socio-technical

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  • A socio-technical perspective is relevant to understand why

systems fail and succeed, and to design working systems

  • Looking just at the technical part will limit our ability to

understand how real systems work, and how to design new artifacts that work within them

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Example: DHIS2

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  • DHIS2 is often used within Health Information Systems
  • Two general trends:
  • Replacing paper-based systems with digital
  • Attempt to integrate systems vertically, and

horizontally

Logistics management information system Electronic medical record information system Human resource information system Health management information systems ++++++

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Example: Uganda LMIS

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  • LMIS = logistics management information systems
  • Mainly consumption reporting from facilities and ‘upwards’
  • To be supported by DHIS2. Thus, DHIS2 becomes a tool or a part

within a complex information system

  • Roles, culture, terminology, humans, competences,

infrastructure, practices, politics, technologies (paper and digital)

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Example: Uganda LMIS

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Example: Uganda LMIS - many socio-technical, ‘wicked’ problems

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  • MOH Policy: should look like paper forms
  • Users: paper form is familiar
  • Scale
  • Network and infrastructure
  • Paper-based system(s)
  • No computers (district data entry / different use-scenarios)
  • Has to work in parallel with old system
  • Stock-out: WhatsApp and other informal channels
  • Many of the health workers preferred their paper-based system
  • Complicated approval process (aimed at competence building)
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Complexity

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Complexity

Complicated systems Linear behavior Total is equal to the sum of its parts

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Complex systems Non-linear behavior (change in input is not proportional to new output) System can not be fully understood by investigating its parts.

“Complexity stems from the number and type of relationships between the systems’s components and between the system and its environment” (Hanseth & Lyytinen, 2010)

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Complicated or complex system?

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A bike US politics One computer A human (and the human brain) The internet Climate and weather Cosmos (space)

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Why is it complex?

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  • Too many unknowns
  • Too many interrelated factors
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Why is it complex?

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Our system Other system Other system Other system

  • Too many unknowns
  • Too many interrelated factors
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Why is it complex?

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Bygstad (2007)

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Socio-technical complexity

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Socio-technical complexity

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Our system Other system Other system

  • Information systems do not only consist of

technical components.

  • They do not exist in a vacuum
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Socio-technical complexity

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Our system

  • Information systems do not only consist of

technical components.

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Socio-technical complexity

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Our system

  • Information systems do not only consist of

technical components.

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Socio-technical complexity

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Our system

  • They do not exist in a vacuum

Other system Other system Other system

Organization

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Socio-technical complexity

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  • They do not exist in a vacuum

Our organization Other organization Other organization Other organization

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Socio-technical complexity

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  • They do not exist in a vacuum

Country / region / continent Culture Politics Legal frameworks Competition Discourses Economics

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Standards

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Standards

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  • How to communicate?
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Standards

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  • How to communicate?
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Stockholm, 3 September 1967

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Standards

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  • How to communicate?
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Example: DHIS2

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  • DHIS2 as part of health information systems

Logistics management information system Electronic medical record information system Human resource information system Health management information systems Patient self-use appliances Enterprise resource planning systems

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Example: DHIS2

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  • DHIS2 as part of health information systems
  • In many countries: many ‘silo’ vertical reporting regimes.
  • Different technology, terminology, political actors

National TB National HIV National Malaria Gates Polio USAID TB EUAID TB NORAD Malaria

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Standards

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Braa & Sahay 2012

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Example: DHIS2 as platform and ‘data warehouse’

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  • DHIS2 aims at supporting standardization and integration
  • n the technical and semantic level

Different vertical health programs Different HIS Common data warehouse

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Example: DHIS2 as ‘attractor’

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  • DHIS2 has enabled some degree of standardization on the
  • rganizational/political level

More use of DHIS2 across programs Appears more attractive to other programs

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Architecture

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Architecture

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The complex or carefully designed structure of something. The conceptual structure and logical organization of a computer or computer-based system.

Oxford english dictionary

  • A “blueprint” of a systems modules and relations.
  • May be technical or/and socio-technical
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Architecture

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A good architecture must exhibit four simple properties that it shares with the architecture of modern cities: simplicity, resilience, maintainability, and evolvability.

Tiwana 2012 p77

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Architecture

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Silo-systems

System 1 System 2 System 5 System 6 System 7 System 3 System 4 System 8 New system New system

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Architecture

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Service-oriented architectures

Service bus System 1 Web interface Android interface IOS interface Sales interface System 1 System 1 System 1

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Architecture

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Modularization / partitioning

Module

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Architecture

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Platforms

DHIS2 platform core API Bundled apps Third-party apps

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Architecture

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Modularization / partitioning

Tiwana 2012 p 80

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Architecture

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Platforms

Tiwana 2012 p 85

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Summary

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Summary

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  • Platform ecosystems take part in, and may be seen as information

systems

  • They are thus operating within socio-technically complex

environments

  • Standards are essential to information systems, and are an important

feature and driver of platforms (e.g., APIs)

  • Platforms has certain architectural traits that may promote desirable

aspects

  • Reducing complexity, promoting innovation, enabling different

levels of design, facilitating integration