in Elite Endurance and Sprint Athletes 7th Annual Congress of the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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in Elite Endurance and Sprint Athletes 7th Annual Congress of the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Department of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, University of Athens, Greece Insulin Action in Elite Endurance and Sprint Athletes 7th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science ATHENS 2002 AEROBIC TRAINING...

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SLIDE 1

Insulin Action in Elite Endurance and Sprint Athletes

7th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science ATHENS 2002

Department of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, University of Athens, Greece

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SLIDE 2
  • Capillary density & muscle blood flow
  • Number/activity of Glut-4
  • Nonoxidative glucose metabolism -

glycogen synthesis

  • Oxidative enzyme activity
  • Lipid metabolism

Increase: Decrease:

  • Body fat mass
  • Hepatic glucose production

AEROBIC TRAINING...

Houmard, et. al., 1991, 1995; Hardin, et. al., 1995; Ebeling, et. al., 1993; Andersen & Henriksson, 1977; Holmang, et. al., 1992; Lillioja, et. al., 1987; Simoneau & Kelley, 1997; Bjorntorp, et. al., 1972; Yki-Jarvinen, & Koivisto, 1983; Rodnick, et. al., 1987.

…Blood Glucose Control

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SLIDE 3

RESISTANCE TRAINING...

Increase: Decrease:

  • Body fat mass
  • Hepatic glucose production
  • Number/activity of Glut-4

?

  • Capillary-to-muscle-fiber ratio &

muscle blood flow

  • Nonoxidative glucose metabolism -

glycogen synthesis

  • Muscle mass
  • Lipid metabolism

Tesch, 1988; Miller, et. al., 1994; Miller, et. al., 1984; Craig, et. al., 1989; Yki-Jarvinen, & Koivisto, 1983; Houmard, et. al., 1995

…Blood Glucose Control

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SLIDE 4

(A) (B) Body Fat and Muscle Mass role

In the present study...

H O M E O S T A T I C S Y S T E M

Chronic Aerobic Training

  • r

Chronic Anaerobic Training

?

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SLIDE 5

H O M E O S T A T I C S Y S T E M

Methodological approach...

Glucose Load Insulin Curve GUP-factors

  • insulin action
  • glucose-mass action

Metabolized Glucose

DeFronzo, et. al., 1979; Bergman, et. al., 1981; Cederholm, & Wibell, 1985

Insulin Release Peripheral Resistance

I N P U T O U T P U T

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SLIDE 6

THE SUBJECTS...

  • 8 elite endurance runners
  • 8 elite sprint runners &
  • 7 untrained subjects-control

Endurance runners Sprint runners n Age (yr) 24±3,16 23,75±1,67 23 Training ( yr) 7,63±3,66 7,25±3,06 16 100m (")

  • 10,64±0,22

4 110m (")

  • 14,00

1 200m (")

  • 21,71±0,32

5 400m (")

  • 47,64±1,68

2

  • H. Jump (m)
  • 7,64

1 5000m (') 15,02±0,84

  • 8

10000m (') 30,51±1,23

  • 6

P r o f i l e o f t h e A t h l e t e s

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SLIDE 7

Endurance runners Sprint runners Control

Fat (kg) Lean (kg) PVO2 (mL/kg/m) AVT (%) PP (W/kg) MP (W/kg) Lact (mmol/L)

4.9±2.2 6.2±1.6 16.1±7.3* 52.9±3.1 68.7±5.4* 55.4±5.6 72.6±4.9* 51±2.8 44.8±6.6 79.6±7* 68.7±5.3* 59.4±6.8 11.4±0.6 13.6±0.6* 11.8±1.2 8.6±0.6* 9.2±0.3* 7.6±0.8 14±2 18.3±2* 18±2*

A e r o b i c T e s t A n a e r o b i c T e s t (WAnT)

Body Composition (DXA)

Physiological Tests...

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SLIDE 8

Preconditions

  • Diet … (250-300 g/d CHD)
  • Fasting … (12.24±1.53 h)
  • Refraining from exercise … (52.21±10.24 h)
  • Glucose Load … 75g anhydrous glucose in 400 ml water
  • Blood Samples … 0', 30', 60', 90' & 120'
  • Time of the first blood sample … 11.09±1.18 a.m

OGTT-75g... Procedure

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SLIDE 9

Glucose Curves Insulin Curves

First Glance...

E n d u r a n c e r u n n e r s S p r i n t r u n n e r s C

  • n

t r

  • l

T i m e ( m i n ) G lu c

  • s

e (m m

  • l / L

)

3 , 3 , 5 4 , 4 , 5 5 , 5 , 5 6 , 6 , 5 7 , 7 , 5 3 6 9 1 2

T i m e ( m i n ) In s u lin (m U / l)

  • 1

1 3 5 7 9 1 1 3 6 9 1 2

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SLIDE 10

A U C G lu c

(m m

  • l/h

/L ) (m U /h /L )

A U C In s

2 4 6 8 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 2 4 6 8 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 E n d u r a n c e r u n n e r s S p r i n t r u n n e r s C

  • n

t r

  • l

s

* * *

N S

Δ A U C I n s

(m U /h /L ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 E n d u r a n c e r u n n e r s S p r i n t r u n n e r s C

  • n

t r

  • l

s

* **

N S

Insulin Release...

Total Areas under the Curves: Glucose Insulin Delay of Insulin Release: 0'-30' 30'-120'

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SLIDE 11

Radinowitz, et. al., 1962; Karam, et. al., 1966

…The higher insulin release the greater target-tissues (muscle, fat, liver) resistance to insulin action.

Thinking...

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SLIDE 12

r e l-R b w

(m in /m g /k g ) , 8 5 , 9 5 , 1 5 , 1 1 5 , 1 2 5 , 1 3 5 , 1 4 5 E n d u r a n c e r u n n e r s S p r i n t r u n n e r s C

  • n

t r

  • l

s

* **

N S

G r

  • u

p s T

  • t-In

s

  • R

(m U /m g /m in ) , , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 S p r i n t r u n n e r s C

  • n

t r

  • l

s E n d u r a n c e r u n n e r s

* * *

N S

Peripheral Resistance...

Relative Peripheral Resistance (1 / M)* (kg BW) Total Insulin Resistance

* Cederholm, & Wibell, 1985

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Thesis 1...

ENDURANCE RUNNERS have the lowest target-tissues resistance to insulin... …best Insulin Sensitivity!

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Thesis 2...

SPRINT RUNNERS have lower target-tissues resistance to insulin compare with untrained subjects...

…better Insulin Sensitivity!

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SLIDE 15

The Strongest Predictor...

rel-Rbw Tot-Ins-R

Lean mass Fat mass PVO2 AVT Lact Fat mass PVO2 AVT MP

r P

0.69* <0.001 0.61* <0.003

  • 0.75*

<0.001

  • 0.43*

<0.044 0.55* <0.007

r P

0.69* <0.001

  • 0.52*

<0.013

  • 0.47*

<0.024

  • 0.57*

<0.005

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SLIDE 16

Thesis 3...

LOW BODY FAT has the most positive effect to Insulin Sensitivity...

…better Lipid Metabolism!

LeBrance, et. al., 1979; Yki-Jarvinen, & Koivisto, 1983; Hargreaves, et al., 1991; Saloranta, et. al., 1993

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SLIDE 17

Thesis 4...

LARGE MUSCLE MASS has not any positive effect to Insulin Sensitivity...

 …no change in Muscle Metabolism?

Yki-Jarvinen, & Koivisto, 1983

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SLIDE 18
  • Aerobic Power

TYPE OF TRAINING...

…ISULIN ACTION IMPROVEMENT

  • Anaerobic Threshold
  • Muscles Endurance
  • Body Fat

Thesis 5...

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The chronic adaptations of both Aerobic and Anaerobic track and field training have positive effect to Insulin Action, but those induced by the Aerobic type of training have the most pronounced effect.

CONCLUSION...

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I thank you

Department of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, University of Athens, Greece

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SLIDE 21
  • Glucose Transport and

Metabolism

AEROBIC TRAINING... …Blood Glucose Control

  • Body Composition and

Lipid Metabolism

  • Hepatic Glucose output
  • Insulin Signaling

?

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SLIDE 22

RESISTANCE TRAINING...

?

…Blood Glucose Control

  • Insulin Signaling
  • Glucose Transport and

Metabolism

  • Body Composition and

Lipid Metabolism

  • Hepatic Glucose output
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SLIDE 23

Body Fat apart (bibliography accordance)... Anaerobic training (resistance training) Aerobic training

  • Capillary density-muscle blood flow
  • Nonoxidative glucose metabolism-

glycogen synthesis

  • Oxidative enzyme activity
  • Hepatic glucose production
  • Capillary-to-muscle-fiber ratio-

muscle blood flow

  • Nonoxidative glucose metabolism-

glycogen synthesis

  • Hepatic glucose production
  • Number/activity of Glut-4
  • Number/activity of Glut-4

?

Houmard, et. al., 1991, 1995; Hardin, et. al., 1995; Ebeling, et. al., 1993; Miller, et. al., 1994; Andersen & Henriksson, 1977; Holmang, et. al., 1992; Lillioja, et. al., 1987; Tesch, 1988; Simoneau & Kelley, 1997

?

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SLIDE 24

I thank you

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SLIDE 25

Adaptations...

Anaerobic training Aerobic training

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SLIDE 26

Blood Glucose

E X E R C I S E

I N S U L I N A C T I O N

BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL

Glucose uptake increase Glucose output decrease

  • Glucose uptake increase
  • FFA production decrease