in countries of EECCA present and future Prof. Dr. of Science - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transboundary water management in countries of EECCA – present and future

• Prof. Dr. of Science Viktor A.Dukhovniy (Uzbekistan)

Merzlikina Iuliia B.(Russia) International Summit on Water Security, Marrakesh 30th of September 2019

FOOD SECURITY WATERSUPPLY SECURITY ECOLOGICAL SECURITY

GUARANTEE OF WATER = GUARANTEE WATER RIGHTS

Transboundary water cooperation in Central Asia

The Aral Sea Basin

The Soviet Heritage

Positive Negative

 8 mln ha irrigated lands  70 large dams & reservoirs  93% population had access to water supply  Largest in the world canals system (the Karakum) & pumping cascades (Karshi)  Qualified staff & high scientific potential  Experience & practice of centralized water management  Disregard to the environment: annual damage from the Aral Sea disaster 210 mln USD, incl. 150 mln USD in Uzbekistan, desertification 5 mln ha  Ignoring water users’ opinion  High cost of waterworks

• peration

 Cross-coordination of aims of republics  Water-hydropower conflict

The Basic Indicators of Water and Land Resources Development in the Aral Sea Basin

Indicator Unit 1960 1980 1990 2010 Forecast (2030) Optimistic Pessimistic Population Irrigated area Irrigated area per capita Total water withdrawal Including for irrigation Specific withdrawal per 1 hectare Specific withdrawal per capita GNP million thousand hectares ha/capita km3/year km3/year m3/ha m3/capita bln.USD 14.4 4510 0.32 60.61 56.15 12450 4270 16.1 26.8 6920 0.26 120.69 106.79 15430 4500 48.1 33.6 7600 0.23 116.27 106.4 14000 3460 74.0 48.5 8201 0.17 109.5 91.6 11171 2259 76.7 54.0 9330 0.17 104.5 86.8 9300 1935 109 70.0 9300 0.12 117.0 96.7 10400 1670 77.0

States Area, th.km2 Population, mln.persons GNP per capita, USD Water resources, mln.m3 Irrigated area,

• mln. ha

Power productio n, mln. kWt/h

• wn

used Kazakhstan 2724.9 17.42 12626.3 64.35 21.14 1695.9 94634.2 Kyrgyzstan 199.9 5.89 1258.1 48.93 8.33 1023.8 14011.3 Tajikistan 143.1 8.32 1110.6 63.46 11.69 759.2 17115.0 Turkmenistan 491.21 6.15 7793.5 1.41 27.13 1571.0 18200.0 Uzbekistan 448.97 31.02 2020.9 16.34 48.55 4291.0 55000.0 Afghanistan 652.2 31.28 666.2 47.15 20.28 1624 827.0

Comparative indicators of Central Asia states

Evaluation of water resources available for use in the Aral Sea Basin, km3

Combination of climatic and water management scenarios

Prin Princip cipal c al cha hall llen enge ges s in the in the r regio gion

• Climate change impact: reduced flow,

glaciers melt, prevalence and severity

• f extreme events
• Demographic pressure – population

growth 1.2 – 1.8% per year

• Weakness of economic base
• Poor water management
• Hydro egoism
• Ongoing restructuration of economy

and especially agrarian farming

• Instability of market and prices.

Different water use priorities

20 40 60 80 100 Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenist an Uzbekistan Irrigation Hydropower Planned hydropower facilities in Tajikistan & Kyrgyzstan: Rogun on Vaksh Dashtidjumn on Pyandzh Kambarata I & II

• n the Naryn

Population growth, food security, environmental requirements, climate change

Principles of ICWC activities

• ICWC was established in 1992 to manage Amudarya and Syrdarya

rivers in a coordinated way.

• ICWC members meet four time per year and reach all water

management decisions by consensus.

• ICWC has executive bodies to implement and control implementation
• f its decisions
• Water is allocated according to rules and principles agreed in the

Soviet time that were validated in 1992 Almaty Agreement

• Countries agreed to “refrain from actions on their respective

territories that might affect interests of other contracting parties and cause harm to them, lead to deviation from agreed volumes of water discharges and pollution of water sources”.

Achievements

• System of annual planning and operation
• Water allocation & daily operational management helped to avoid

conflicts, even in extreme low & high water years

• Regional information system & portal: more than 4000 persons per day

(cawater-info.net)

• Regional training system (assistance from CIDA, McGil University, UNESCO-

IHE, World Bank, the Moscow State University) towards e-learning

• Average water delivery for irrigation reduced from 14,0 ths m3/ha in 1990

to 10,3 ths m3/ha in 2013

• Implementation of IWRM on the area more 0.5 mln ha, most part in

Uzbekistan

• Automation of head water facilities

Fergana Valley

PRODUCTIVITY OF LANDS IN CREASED ON 116-127%

250 mln.m WATER SAVING PER YEAR

3

7000 PERSONS TRAINING

LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING MORE THAN 15 THOUSAND PERSONS

RESULTS OF IWRM FERGHANA

Achievements in the region

NWO EECCA - www.eecca-water.net

CAWater-Info

www cawater-info.net

Transboundary water cooperation

• f Russian Federation

Review of current Russian agreements

19

1. Estonia 2. Finland

• Norway

1. Ukraine 2. Belarus 3. Abkhazia 4. Azerbaijan 5. Kazakhstan 6. China 7. Mongolia 8. DPRK

Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Russian Federation on joint use and protection of transboundary water bodies signed at September 2010

• Rivers Ural, Tobol, Irtysh, Ishim, Volga, Bolshoi and

Maly Uzen Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan

• n the conservation of the ecosystem of the transboundary

Ural River (October 5, 2016, Astana)

Russian-Kazakhstan transboundary water cooperation

Russian-Kazakhstan transboundary water cooperation

Russian-Kazakhstan commission for the joint use and protection of transboundary water bodies

Working groups Ural Tobol Irtysh Ishim river channel Kigach (Volga) Bolshoi and Maly Uzen

Last events

 IX (XXVII) meeting of the Joint Russian- Kazakhstan Commission on the joint use and protection of transboundary water bodies (Atyrau, Republic of Kazakhstan; September 25-27, 2019)  Working groups:

• 2018 – Irtysh: March 13-16 (Pavlodar, RK)

July 17 - 19 (Omsk, RF) Tobol: March 14 -16 (Kostanay, RK) July 03 - 05 (Chelyabinsk, RF) Ishim: June 21 (Tyumen, RF)

• 2019 - Irtysh: April (Pavlodar, RK)

August 13-15 (Omsk, RF) Tobol: July 10-12 (Kurgan, RF) March (Kostanay, RK) Ishim: June 19 -21 (Borovoe, RK)

Rivers Ob, Irtish, Amur, Argun, Ussury, Hanka lake etc.

Russian-Chinese transboundary water cooperation

 Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the rational use and protection of transboundary waters (dated January 29, 2008)

The agreement provides:

• development of joint schemes (plans) for the use and protection of

transboundary waters

• development of common standards and indicators for the quality of

transboundary waters, monitoring programs for transboundary waters

• development of plans for the prevention of emergency situations on

transboundary waters, response to them and liquidation, or mitigation of their consequences

• information exchange within the framework of agreed substantive,

quantitative and temporal parameters

• creation of warning systems and the exchange of necessary information on

the prevention of emergencies on transboundary waters and ensuring their effective functioning

• Creation of working groups on cross-border cooperation

Joint Russian-Chinese Commission on the Rational Use and Protection of Transboundary Waters

Working groups Integrated water resources management Monitoring the quality of transboundary waters and their protection

Russian-Chinese transboundary water cooperation

 Construction of hydraulic structures, changing river beds  problems of fixing the borders of states  Change of water resources in large river basins  Water pollution  Water allocation problems  Joint monitoring and information sharing  Technological equipment of laboratories  Lack of a compatible measurement methodology

Challenges

Russian-Mongolian transboundary water cooperation

The XV Meeting of the Commissioners of the Government

• f the Russian Federation and the

Government of Mongolia on the implementation of the Agreement

• n the protection and use of

transboundary waters (August 6 to 7, 2019; Yekaterinburg, Russia)

Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on the protection and use of transboundary waters (Ulan Bator, February 1995)

Agenda:

• climate change and the impact on the water security of our

countries

• exchange of relevant information on the water

management situation in the basins of the transboundary rivers Selenga and Onon

• discussion of the quality of transboundary waters and the

implementation of water protection measures

• innovation in the water monitoring

Last event

Challenges

The Selenga basin > 30% of the annual water supply to Lake Baikal The annual electricity generation 117 mln - 870 mln kWh Shuren HPS (245 MW) Aegiyn-gol HPS (315 MW) Orkhon HPS (100 MW) ) “Charge” HPS (25 MW)

Russian-Finland transboundary water cooperation

Vuoksa River, lake Sayma etc.

Agreement Between The Republic Of Finland And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning Frontier Watercourses (Helsinki, April 24, 1964 )

General information

hydro power regulatory regimes const ruction water conser vation water trans port timber rafting fisheries

Government Science Public sector Business

eliminate the floods and droughts risks assess impacts from climate change improve the condition of water bodies

 achieving a balance between the negative impact on the upstream side with the benefits of the downstream side  maintaining the natural status and associated water level in Lake Saimaa, rather than generating hydroelectricity  wide separation of effects in order to maximize the receipt

• f joint benefits and minimize joint damage, both on both

sides of the border and across sectors  the bilateral compensation mechanism was officially established and debugged in the framework of cooperation

• n Vuoksa

Important aspects of cooperation

 1. Well-established regulatory framework and organizations, where formal and informal cooperation complement each

• ther

 2. A long, step-by-step process of building trust and strengthening cooperation  3. Focus on technical aspects, not taking into account broader policies  4. Emphasis on broad benefit-sharing and minimization of shared damage, as well as clearly defined compensation mechanisms  5. Engaging key stakeholders (including the private sector) at various levels

Russian-Finnish cross-border cooperation

Positive factors of cooperation

We need to develop jointly:  climate change scenarios  general strategy to prevent the occurrence of threatening situations  readiness to implement  coordinated emergency response.

Perspective of cooperation

 Rehabilitate open sources of information on the base

• f common information field.

 Renovate institutional structure of regional water and environment bodies.  Establishment strong proceedings of TBWs management for each rivers.  Create Public body (Water Council) for each TBW basin.

Perspective of cooperation

 Arise new input of political will.  Attempt to find new forms of collaboration with including economic tools.  Expert cooperation and joint professional development courses  Road map for increase collaboration between States in frame of ICWC and IFAS (water saving, public awareness and participation, IWRM implementation).  Bi-lateral works with donors should take into account interests of all riparian countries.

Perspective of cooperation

Thank you for attention !

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