Illicit drug markets in Asia: Focus on East and SE Asia - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Illicit drug markets in Asia: Focus on East and SE Asia - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Illicit drug markets in Asia: Focus on East and SE Asia Presentation to 16 th ADEC, Tokyo Gary Lewis UNODC Regional Representative for East Asia and the Pacific 22 February 2010 Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type

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SLIDE 1

Illicit drug markets in Asia:

Focus on East and SE Asia

Presentation to 16th ADEC, Tokyo Gary Lewis UNODC Regional Representative for East Asia and the Pacific 22 February 2010

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SLIDE 2

Presentation Structure

  • 1. Global situation
  • 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants

(focus on E/SE Asia)

  • 3. Opiates
  • Afghanistan
  • Myanmar
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SLIDE 3

Presentation Structure

  • 1. Global situation
  • 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants

(focus on E/SE Asia)

  • 3. Opiates
  • Afghanistan
  • Myanmar
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SLIDE 4
  • Containment is working
  • Opiates decline
  • Coca/cocaine declines
  • Drug use stabilizes in many countries
  • …but new warning signs
  • Shift away from opiates and cocaine

towards ATS

Overview - Global

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SLIDE 5
  • ATS: Situation steadily

worsening

  • Opiates: reversal of past

successes

Overview – East and South-East Asia

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SLIDE 6

Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment

http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/tocta-2010.html

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SLIDE 7

TOCTA: Key organized Crime Flows

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SLIDE 8

Presentation Structure

  • 1. Global situation
  • 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants

(focus on E/SE Asia)

  • 3. Opiates
  • Afghanistan
  • Myanmar
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SLIDE 9

ATS in E/SE Asia

  • Situation steadily

worsening

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SLIDE 10
  • A. Detailed assessments:

Regional Level:

  • East and Southeast Asia
  • Myanmar
  • New Zealand
  • Philippines
  • Rep. of Korea
  • Singapore
  • Thailand
  • Viet Nam

Country Level – 15 reports

  • Australia
  • Brunei
  • Cambodia
  • China
  • Indonesia
  • Japan
  • Lao PDR
  • Malaysia
  • B. Overviews:
  • South Asia
  • Pacific Island States/Territories

http://www.unodc.org/documents/eastasiaandpacific//2010/11/ats-2010-report-launch/ATS_Report_2010_web.pdf

Launched: Nov 2010

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SLIDE 11

ATS: 9 things to worry about

  • 1. Expanding ATS markets
  • 2. Increasing ATS manufacture
  • 3. Shift in precursor sourcing
  • 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar
  • 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine
  • 6. Lack of ATS treatment services
  • 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity
  • 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern
  • 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic
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SLIDE 12
  • 1. Expanding ATS markets
  • 2. Increasing ATS manufacture
  • 3. Shift in precursor sourcing
  • 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar
  • 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine
  • 6. Lack of ATS treatment services
  • 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity
  • 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern
  • 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic

ATS: 9 things to worry about

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SLIDE 13

Methamphetamine pills

Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

  • 2

2

  • 1
  • 3
  • 1

3

Ecstasy

Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

5

  • 3

3

  • 7
  • 8

9 3

Crystalline methamphetamine

Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

1 1 2 2

  • 3
  • 1

3 7 3

ATS rank in the top 3 drugs of use in all countries

Source: DAINAP

  • 1. Expanding ATS Markets
  • = Not reported
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SLIDE 14

Methamphetamine pills

Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

  • 2

2

  • 1
  • 3
  • 1

3

Ecstasy

Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

5

  • 3

3

  • 7
  • 8

9 3

Crystalline methamphetamine

Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

1 1 2 2

  • 3
  • 1

3 7 3

ATS rank in the top 3 drugs of use in all countries

Source: DAINAP

  • 1. Expanding ATS Markets
  • = Not reported
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SLIDE 15

Methamphetamine pills

Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

  • 2

2

  • 1
  • 3
  • 1

3

Ecstasy

Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

5

  • 3

3

  • 7
  • 8

9 3

Crystalline methamphetamine

Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

1 1 2 2

  • 3
  • 1

3 7 3

ATS rank in the top 3 drugs of use in all countries

Source: DAINAP

  • 1. Expanding ATS Markets
  • = Not reported
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SLIDE 16

Source: DAINAP

Use reported: 11 countries* Increasing: 6

China Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

Decreasing: 3

Australia Brunei Darussalam

  • Rep. of Korea

Stable: 2

Japan New Zealand

Crystalline methamphetamine use trend, 2009

*Cambodia, Myanmar and the Philippines also reported crystalline methamphetamine use but did not report use trend data.

  • 1. Expanding ATS Markets
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SLIDE 17
  • 1. Expanding ATS markets
  • 2. Increasing ATS manufacture
  • 3. Shift in precursor sourcing
  • 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar
  • 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine
  • 6. Lack of ATS treatment services
  • 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity
  • 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern
  • 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic

ATS: 9 things to worry about

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SLIDE 18

Sources: DAINAP; BNN, 2010; PDEA, 2010

  • 2. Increasing ATS manufacture
  • Manufacture or attempted manufacture in all but three

countries

  • Small ‘kitchen type’ as well as large-scale laboratories

seized

  • Slight decrease from 2008 but 80% increase from

2007

Jakarta, January 2009 Rizal province, Philippines, March 2009

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SLIDE 19
  • 2. Increasing ATS manufacture

Australia:

  • 316 labs seized (up 17% from 2008)

Sources: DAINAP; Global SMART data request forms, 2010; National reports; * Unclear if all were for ATS

Indonesia:

  • 37 labs seized (highest total on record)

China:

  • 391* total labs seized (up 60% from 2008)

Cambodia:

  • 5 labs and precursor manufacturing sites seized
  • Significant precursors and ephedra grass/seeds seized
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SLIDE 20

Sources: DAINAP; Global SMART data request forms, 2010; National reports

Japan:

  • Jun 2010: First lab reported since 1995

New Zealand:

  • 135 labs seized
  • Large increase in precursor seizures

Myanmar:

  • Major producer of meth pills
  • 39 labs seized from 1998–2009
  • Likelihood of large-scale labs
  • 2. Increasing ATS manufacture
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SLIDE 21
  • 1. Expanding ATS markets
  • 2. Increasing ATS manufacture
  • 3. Shift in precursor sourcing
  • 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar
  • 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine
  • 6. Lack of ATS treatment services
  • 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity
  • 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern
  • 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic

ATS: 9 things to worry about

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SLIDE 22
  • Major source of meth pills
  • 2009: 23.9 m meth pills seized
  • Most seizures near production

centres

  • Seized pills primarily destined for

neighbouring countries

  • 1998-2009: 39 small-scale facilities

seized

  • Increased precursor seizures
  • No crystalline meth facility seized

Source: DAINAP; CCDAC, 2009

  • 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar
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SLIDE 23
  • 2009: Total seizures 94 million pills (approx.) – 99% in China, Lao

PDR, Myanmar and Thailand.

  • From 2008 to 2009: Three-fold increase (32m pills seized in 2008).

Note: Seizures from Australia and New Zealand are not included.

Source: DAINAP

  • 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar

10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000 50,000,000 60,000,000 70,000,000 80,000,000 90,000,000 100,000,000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010* Seizures (pills)

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SLIDE 24
  • 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar

http://www.unodc.org/documents/eastasiaandpacific//2010/12/ops-myanmar-ats/Myanmar_ATS_Report_2010_lowres.pdf

MYANMAR: Situation Assessment on Amphetamine-Type Stimulants

Launched: 13 December 2010

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SLIDE 25

Thanks to the following countries for funding SMART

  • Australia
  • Canada
  • Japan
  • Republic of Korea
  • New Zealand
  • Thailand
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SLIDE 26

Presentation Structure

  • 1. Global situation
  • 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants

(focus on E/SE Asia)

  • 3. Opiates
  • Afghanistan
  • Myanmar
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SLIDE 27

OPIATES: “Containment”

  • is working
  • but is under threat
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SLIDE 28

AFGHANISTAN

http://www.unodc.org/documents/crop-monitoring/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Opium_Survey_2010_web.pdf

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SLIDE 29

AFGHANISTAN

  • Cultivation = stable
  • Production = down
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SLIDE 30

Cultivation 2010

71,000 54,000 57,000 58,000 64,000 91,000 82,000 8,000 74,000 80,000 131,000 104,000 165,000 193,000 157,000 123,000 123,000

25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 175,000 200,000 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Hectares

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Poppy cultivation 2008–2010 (ha)

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SLIDE 32

Security and poppy cultivation

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SLIDE 33

Opium production 1994–2010 (mt)

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SLIDE 34

Affected opium crop in Helmand

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Affected stems and leaves of opium plant

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SLIDE 36

Presentation Structure

  • 1. Global situation
  • 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants

(focus on E/SE Asia)

  • 3. Opiates
  • Afghanistan
  • Myanmar
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SLIDE 37

South-East Asia: Opium Survey 2010

Launched: 13 December 2010

http://www.unodc.org/documents/eastasiaandpacific//2010/12/ops-myanmar-ats/SEA_Opium_Survey_report_2010_lowres.pdf

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SLIDE 38

CULTIVATION Lao PDR – up Myanmar – up Thailand – up

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SLIDE 39

CULTIVATION – SE Asia

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SLIDE 40

CULTIVATION – Global

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PRODUCTION Lao PDR – up Myanmar – up Thailand – up

= 16% global production

  • increased Ha
  • increased yield
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SLIDE 42

ERADICATION Lao PDR – down Myanmar – up significantly Thailand – up

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SLIDE 43

Satellite Survey

  • Detailed satellite

images

  • Statistical sampling

approach

  • Systematic field

verification of all satellite images

  • Socio-economic

survey of villages

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SLIDE 44

Cultivation in Myanmar in 2009-2010 season

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SLIDE 45

FOOD SECURITY Percentage of households that have enough rice for 12 months

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SLIDE 46

Reasons for farmers to grow poppy

  • Est. # households involved in poppy cultivation

= 224,000

S u b s i s t e n c e

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SLIDE 47

Many farmers who stopped growing poppy

  • Est. # households involved in poppy cultivation (2009)

= 224,000

  • Had to purchase food on credit
  • Had to borrow food
  • Had to rely on relatives / friends
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SLIDE 48

3 Feb 2011 (East Shan, Myanmar)

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SLIDE 49
  • 1. Opium problem getting more severe
  • 2. Food security has deteriorated
  • 3. Insecurity – conflict prevents access
  • 4. Poverty also impacting environmental

change – timber harvesting, NTFP

  • 5. Few international organizations engaging in

Shan State on food insecurity and poverty

  • 6. Solutions must involve emergence of peace
  • 7. Funding required

Conclusions

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SLIDE 50

Thanks to Japan for funding the Opium Poppy Survey

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SLIDE 51

Effective responses

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SLIDE 52

EFFECTI VE STRATEGI C RESPONSES:

  • A. Improve our knowledge
  • B. Establish / strengthen norms and laws
  • C. Share technical knowledge and best

practice

  • D. Promote regional cooperation – shared

strategies and information

  • E. Advocacy: catalyze political will
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SLIDE 53
  • 1. Remember that drug trafficking is part of
  • TOC. Not a separate issue.
  • 2. Ensure that national legal frameworks in

compliance with international standards.

  • 3. LE has to deal with very flexible OC networks

and efficient work is based on efficient intelligence.

  • 4. Proper national threat assessments as basis

for proactive countermeasures.

BEST PRACTI CES (1):

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SLIDE 54
  • 5. Stick to regional level as much as possible.

Need to break national silo approaches, short term vision, inadequate funding, etc.

  • 6. Comprehensive approach:

a) strong national criminal intelligence b) exchanging intel swiftly at regional level c) strengthen LE agencies investigative capacities d) create synergies among Police, Customs, immigration, etc.) e) Promote the use of special investigative techniques (controlled deliveries)

  • 7. UNODC can assist in technical capacity –

also Interpol, WCO

BEST PRACTI CES (2):

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“It takes a network to defeat a network”

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SLIDE 56

THANK YOU

www.apaic.org www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpacific