Illicit drug markets in Asia: Focus on East and SE Asia Presentation to 16 th ADEC, Tokyo Gary Lewis UNODC Regional Representative for East Asia and the Pacific 22 February 2010
Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (focus on E/SE Asia) 3. Opiates • Afghanistan • Myanmar
Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (focus on E/SE Asia) 3. Opiates • Afghanistan • Myanmar
Overview - Global • Containment is working Opiates decline Coca/cocaine declines Drug use stabilizes in many countries …but new warning signs Shift away from opiates and cocaine towards ATS
Overview – East and South-East Asia • ATS: Situation steadily worsening • Opiates: reversal of past successes
Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/tocta-2010.html
TOCTA: Key organized Crime Flows
Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (focus on E/SE Asia) 3. Opiates • Afghanistan • Myanmar
ATS in E/SE Asia • Situation steadily worsening
A. Detailed assessments: Regional Level: • East and Southeast Asia Country Level – 15 reports • Australia • Myanmar • Brunei • New Zealand • Cambodia • Philippines • China • Rep. of Korea • Indonesia • Singapore • Japan • Thailand • Lao PDR • Viet Nam • Malaysia B. Overviews: Launched: Nov 2010 • South Asia • Pacific Island States/Territories http://www.unodc.org/documents/eastasiaandpacific//2010/11/ats-2010-report-launch/ATS_Report_2010_web.pdf
ATS: 9 things to worry about 1. Expanding ATS markets 2. Increasing ATS manufacture 3. Shift in precursor sourcing 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine 6. Lack of ATS treatment services 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic
ATS: 9 things to worry about 1. Expanding ATS markets 2. Increasing ATS manufacture 3. Shift in precursor sourcing 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine 6. Lack of ATS treatment services 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic
1. Expanding ATS Markets ATS rank in the top 3 drugs of use in all countries Methamphetamine pills Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam ● ● ● ● ● 2 2 1 3 1 3 Ecstasy Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam ● ● ● ● 5 3 3 7 8 9 3 Crystalline methamphetamine Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam ● ● 1 1 2 2 3 1 3 7 3 ● = Not reported Source: DAINAP
1. Expanding ATS Markets ATS rank in the top 3 drugs of use in all countries Methamphetamine pills Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam ● ● ● ● ● 2 2 1 3 1 3 Ecstasy Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam ● ● ● ● 5 3 3 7 8 9 3 Crystalline methamphetamine Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam ● ● 1 1 2 2 3 1 3 7 3 ● = Not reported Source: DAINAP
1. Expanding ATS Markets ATS rank in the top 3 drugs of use in all countries Methamphetamine pills Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam ● ● ● ● ● 2 2 1 3 1 3 Ecstasy Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam ● ● ● ● 5 3 3 7 8 9 3 Crystalline methamphetamine Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam ● ● 1 1 2 2 3 1 3 7 3 ● = Not reported Source: DAINAP
1. Expanding ATS Markets Crystalline methamphetamine use trend, 2009 Use reported: 11 countries* Increasing: 6 China Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Decreasing: 3 Australia Brunei Darussalam Rep. of Korea Stable: 2 Japan New Zealand *Cambodia, Myanmar and the Philippines also reported crystalline methamphetamine use but did not report use trend data. Source: DAINAP
ATS: 9 things to worry about 1. Expanding ATS markets 2. Increasing ATS manufacture 3. Shift in precursor sourcing 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine 6. Lack of ATS treatment services 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic
2. Increasing ATS manufacture • Manufacture or attempted manufacture in all but three countries • Small ‘kitchen type’ as well as large-scale laboratories seized • Slight decrease from 2008 but 80% increase from 2007 Jakarta, January 2009 Rizal province, Philippines, March 2009 Sources: DAINAP; BNN, 2010; PDEA, 2010
2. Increasing ATS manufacture Australia: • 316 labs seized (up 17% from 2008) Cambodia: • 5 labs and precursor manufacturing sites seized • Significant precursors and ephedra grass/seeds seized China: • 391* total labs seized (up 60% from 2008) Indonesia: • 37 labs seized (highest total on record) Sources: DAINAP; Global SMART data request forms, 2010; National reports; * Unclear if all were for ATS
2. Increasing ATS manufacture Japan: • Jun 2010: First lab reported since 1995 Myanmar: • Major producer of meth pills • 39 labs seized from 1998–2009 • Likelihood of large-scale labs New Zealand: • 135 labs seized • Large increase in precursor seizures Sources: DAINAP; Global SMART data request forms, 2010; National reports
ATS: 9 things to worry about 1. Expanding ATS markets 2. Increasing ATS manufacture 3. Shift in precursor sourcing 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine 6. Lack of ATS treatment services 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic
4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar • Major source of meth pills • 2009: 23.9 m meth pills seized • Most seizures near production centres • Seized pills primarily destined for neighbouring countries • 1998-2009: 39 small-scale facilities seized • Increased precursor seizures • No crystalline meth facility seized Source: DAINAP; CCDAC, 2009
4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 100,000,000 90,000,000 80,000,000 70,000,000 Seizures (pills) 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010* Note: Seizures from Australia and New Zealand are not included. • 2009: Total seizures 94 million pills (approx.) – 99% in China, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Thailand. • From 2008 to 2009: Three-fold increase (32m pills seized in 2008). Source: DAINAP
4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar MYANMAR: Situation Assessment on Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Launched: 13 December 2010 http://www.unodc.org/documents/eastasiaandpacific//2010/12/ops-myanmar-ats/Myanmar_ATS_Report_2010_lowres.pdf
Thanks to the following countries for funding SMART • Australia • Canada • Japan • Republic of Korea • New Zealand • Thailand
Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (focus on E/SE Asia) 3. Opiates • Afghanistan • Myanmar
OPIATES: “Containment” • is working • but is under threat
AFGHANISTAN http://www.unodc.org/documents/crop-monitoring/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Opium_Survey_2010_web.pdf
AFGHANISTAN • Cultivation = stable • Production = down
2010 123,000 2009 123,000 2008 157,000 2007 193,000 2006 165,000 Cultivation 2010 2005 104,000 2004 131,000 2003 80,000 2002 74,000 2001 8,000 2000 82,000 1999 91,000 1998 64,000 1997 58,000 1996 57,000 1995 54,000 1994 71,000 200,000 175,000 150,000 125,000 100,000 75,000 50,000 25,000 0 Hectares
Poppy cultivation 2008–2010 (ha)
Security and poppy cultivation
Opium production 1994–2010 (mt)
Affected opium crop in Helmand
Affected stems and leaves of opium plant
Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (focus on E/SE Asia) 3. Opiates • Afghanistan • Myanmar
South-East Asia: Opium Survey 2010 Launched: 13 December 2010 http://www.unodc.org/documents/eastasiaandpacific//2010/12/ops-myanmar-ats/SEA_Opium_Survey_report_2010_lowres.pdf
CULTIVATION Lao PDR – up Myanmar – up Thailand – up
CULTIVATION – SE Asia
CULTIVATION – Global
PRODUCTION Lao PDR – up = 16% global Myanmar – up production • increased Ha Thailand – up • increased yield
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