HST Transmission Spectral Survey: a cloud-free, cloudy and hazy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Image credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA) Image credit: ESA HST Transmission Spectral Survey: a cloud-free, cloudy and hazy atmospheres for WASP-17b, WASP-31b and WASP-6b Nikolay Nikolov and the HST Team

Collaborators: D. K. Sing (PI) University of Exeter F. Pont University of Exeter T. Kataria University of Exeter T. M. Evans University of Exeter H. R. Wakeford University of Exeter N. Nikolov University of Exeter A. S. Burrows Princeton University J. J. Fortney UC Santa Cruz G. E. Ballester University of Arizona C. M. Huitson University of Colorado J.-M. Desert University of Colorado P . A. Wilson CNRS, Paris S. Aigrain University of Oxford D. Deming University of Maryland N. P . Gibson ESO G. W. Henry Tennessee SU H. Knutson Caltech A. Lecavelier des Etangs CNRS, Paris A. P . Showman University of Arizona A. Vidal-Madjar CNRS, Paris K. Zahnle NASA Image credits: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)

Hot-Jupiter atmospheres Huitson, Sing et al. (2012) Seager & Deming (2010) 1.0 1.0 HD 189733b HD 189733b Planet ∕ star fl ux ratio (%) 0.8 0.8 0.6 IRTF upper limit Thermal 0.4 0.2 emission 0.6 0.0 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 spectrum, Model f ts 0.4 Albedo, Spitzer photometry HST/NICMOS eccentricity. Spitzer /IRS Spitzer /IRS 0.2 HST/NICMOS Spitzer photometry 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20 Wavelength (µm) Knutson et al. (2012) 1.000 0.995 HD 189733b Relative Flux 0.990 0.985 0.980 Spitzer 4.5 μ m 0.975 1.001 Relative Flux 1.000 Phase Curve 0.999 0.998 0.997 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Orbital Phase Atmospheric circulation, hot spot Transmission spectrum, relative abundances of mapping. detected species, atmospheric typing.

Hot Jupiter isothermal atmospheric models Fortney et al. (2010) Motivation T eq =2500K T eq =2000K Constrain atmospheric structure and composition; T eq =1500K Issues in the field: T eq =1000K (1) Clouds and hazes; T eq =500K (2) Thermal inversions; HD209458b HD189733b Sing et al. (2008) Pont et al. (2013) T eq ~1500K T eq ~1200K N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

Depending on conditions: exotic refractory species at high T and alkali sulfides, chlorides and water at low T Condensation wide range of reactions curves across depending on T, p and T=100-2500 K composition not all clouds condense from the gas to a solid or liquid phase CaTiO 3 Al 2 O 3 Example (solid MnS): H 2 S + Mn ⟶ ¡ MnS(s) + H2 (Visscher et al. 2006) Lodders & Fegley (2006) 500-1300 K 200 K 1300-2400 K < 3000 K

Large HST program (126 orbits, PI D.K. Sing) Image credit: ESA for 8 planets with T eq = 1000-3000 K Image credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA) Published results for: STIS: optical G430L & G750L (0.3-1 μ m ) WASP-19b, WASP-12b, WFC3: near-IR G141 HAT -P-1b, WASP-31b, WASP-6b; Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 μ m and 4.5 μ m two more in preparation; Aims: (i) compare atmospheric properties; (ii) detect strong absorbers (e.g. Na, K, TiO, hazes, clouds, etc.); (iii) probe atmospheric diversities. Table 1. Hot-Jupiter Target List ( T eff is estimated equilibrium temperature) Period Target R planet M planet T eff g Irradiation V mag H (days) (Jup) (Jup) (K) (m/s 2 ) ( ergs/s/cm 2 ) (km) Hat-P-12b 3.21 0.96 0.21 1080 5.7 2.2E+08 12.8 680 Nikolov et al. 2015 Wasp-6b 3.36 1.22 0.50 1340 8.3 5.2E+08 11.9 580 Wasp-39b 4.05 1.27 0.28 1360 4.3 5.00E+08 12.1 1140 Wakeford et al. 2013 Hat-P-1b 4.46 1.20 0.53 1500 9.1 7.3E+08 10.4 580 Nikolov et al. 2014 Wasp-31b 3.4 Sing et al. 2015 1.54 0.48 1800 5.02 1.50E+09 11.7 1280 Ballester et al. in prep. Wasp-17b 3.74 1.74 0.49 1860 4.0 1.9E+09 11.6 1670 Huitson et al. 2013 Wasp-19b 2.15 1.15 1.31 2319 16.6 4.10E+09 12.3 501 Wasp-12b 1.09 1.79 1.41 2800 11.0 1.0E+10 11.69 930 Sing et al. 2013 11 N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

HD 189733b HD 209458b HAT-P-1b WASP-12b WASP-17b WASP-31b WASP-6b WASP-39b WASP-19b HAT-P-12b N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

Hot Jupiter models from Fortney et al. (2010) 15 STIS G430L STIS G750L WFC3 IRAC 3.6 4.5 Relative altitude in scale heights z( � )/H Hazy 10 3 Rayleigh 10 atmosphere H 2 O H 2 O CO H 2 O 5 Na I K I H 2 Rayleigh 0 Cloud-free atmosphere � 5 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 2 3 4 5 Wavelength ( µ m) N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

HST STIS 3.5 G430L G750L 3.0 Photon counts ( × 10 4 ) 2.5 2.0 corrected 1.5 1.0 0.5 fringing 0.0 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Wavelength (Å) N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

Our pipeline Assume orbital 2 period (P orb ) from 3 Fit for all transit parameters literature and systematics (at fixed limb darkening and P orb ) 4 1 2 HST STIS Marginalize over ~50 HST STIS and WFC3 systematics models white light spectra ( Gibson et al. 2014 ) curves + + Spitzer IRAC System parameters Spitzer IRAC photometry (a/R st , i, R p /R st , T 0 , P orb ) 3.6 & 4.5 µm 5 Update orbital ephemeris (new + literature T 0 s) 6 7 Fix system parameters TRANSMISSION and limb darkening; SPECTRUM fit for R p /R st , and systematics; N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

HST STIS Ballester et al. in prep. 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.010 Normalised raw flux 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 1.005 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 1.000 0.985 0.985 0.985 0.985 0.985 0.985 0.995 0.980 0.980 0.980 0.980 0.980 0.980 0.990 0.975 0.975 0.975 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 Normalised flux 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.985 0.985 0.985 0.985 0.985 0.985 0.985 G430L G430L G750L 0.980 0.980 0.980 0.980 0.980 0.980 0.980 10 10 10 10 10 10 O-C ( × 10 -4 ) 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Time since mid-transit (hr) N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

Spitzer IRAC Ballester et al. in prep. 3.6 µm 4.5 µm N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire