HST Transmission Spectral Survey: a cloud-free, cloudy and hazy - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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HST Transmission Spectral Survey: a cloud-free, cloudy and hazy - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Image credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA) Image credit: ESA HST Transmission Spectral Survey: a cloud-free, cloudy and hazy atmospheres for WASP-17b, WASP-31b and WASP-6b Nikolay Nikolov and the HST Team Collaborators: D. K. Sing (PI) University

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SLIDE 1

HST Transmission Spectral Survey:

a cloud-free, cloudy and hazy atmospheres for WASP-17b, WASP-31b and WASP-6b Nikolay Nikolov and the HST Team

Image credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA) Image credit: ESA

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SLIDE 2
  • D. K. Sing (PI)
  • F. Pont
  • T. Kataria
  • T. M. Evans
  • H. R. Wakeford
  • N. Nikolov
  • A. S. Burrows
  • J. J. Fortney
  • G. E. Ballester
  • C. M. Huitson

J.-M. Desert P . A. Wilson

  • S. Aigrain
  • D. Deming
  • N. P

. Gibson

  • G. W. Henry
  • H. Knutson
  • A. Lecavelier des Etangs
  • A. P

. Showman A. Vidal-Madjar

  • K. Zahnle

Collaborators:

University of Exeter University of Exeter University of Exeter University of Exeter University of Exeter University of Exeter Princeton University UC Santa Cruz University of Arizona University of Colorado University of Colorado CNRS, Paris University of Oxford University of Maryland ESO Tennessee SU Caltech CNRS, Paris University of Arizona CNRS, Paris NASA

Image credits: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)

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SLIDE 3

Hot-Jupiter atmospheres

20

Planet ∕star flux ratio (%)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.8 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4

HD 189733b

0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0 IRTF upper limit Spitzer photometry HST/NICMOS Spitzer/IRS

1 10 8 6 4 2

Wavelength (µm)

5 3

Spitzer/IRS HST/NICMOS Spitzer photometry Model fts

Huitson, Sing et al. (2012) Seager & Deming (2010)

HD 189733b

Phase Curve

0.975 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000 Relative Flux

  • 0.6
  • 0.4
  • 0.2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Orbital Phase 0.997 0.998 0.999 1.000 1.001 Relative Flux

Knutson et al. (2012)

HD 189733b Spitzer 4.5 μm

Thermal emission spectrum, Albedo, eccentricity. Atmospheric circulation, hot spot mapping. Transmission spectrum, relative abundances of detected species, atmospheric typing.

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SLIDE 4

Hot Jupiter isothermal atmospheric models Fortney et al. (2010) Sing et al. (2008)

HD209458b

Pont et al. (2013)

HD189733b

Teq=2500K Teq=2000K Teq=1500K Teq=1000K Teq=500K Teq~1500K Teq~1200K

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

Motivation

Constrain atmospheric structure and composition; Issues in the field: (1) Clouds and hazes; (2) Thermal inversions;

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SLIDE 5

200 K 1300-2400 K 500-1300 K < 3000 K

Lodders & Fegley (2006)

CaTiO3 Al2O3

Depending on conditions: exotic refractory species at high T and alkali sulfides, chlorides and water at low T

wide range of reactions depending on T, p and composition not all clouds condense from the gas to a solid or liquid phase Example (solid MnS): H2S + Mn ⟶ ¡MnS(s) + H2 (Visscher et al. 2006) Condensation curves across T=100-2500 K

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SLIDE 6

Aims: (i) compare atmospheric properties; (ii) detect strong absorbers (e.g. Na, K, TiO, hazes, clouds, etc.); (iii) probe atmospheric diversities.

STIS: optical G430L & G750L (0.3-1μm ) WFC3: near-IR G141 Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 μm and 4.5 μm

Image credit: ESA

Image credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA)

Large HST program (126 orbits, PI D.K. Sing) for 8 planets with Teq = 1000-3000 K

11

Target Period (days) Rplanet (Jup) Mplanet (Jup) Teff (K) g (m/s2) Irradiation (ergs/s/cm2) Vmag H (km) Hat-P-12b 3.21 0.96 0.21 1080 5.7 2.2E+08 12.8 680 Wasp-6b 3.36 1.22 0.50 1340 8.3 5.2E+08 11.9 580 Wasp-39b 4.05 1.27 0.28 1360 4.3 5.00E+08 12.1 1140 Hat-P-1b 4.46 1.20 0.53 1500 9.1 7.3E+08 10.4 580 Wasp-31b 3.4 1.54 0.48 1800 5.02 1.50E+09 11.7 1280 Wasp-17b 3.74 1.74 0.49 1860 4.0 1.9E+09 11.6 1670 Wasp-19b 2.15 1.15 1.31 2319 16.6 4.10E+09 12.3 501 Wasp-12b 1.09 1.79 1.41 2800 11.0 1.0E+10 11.69 930 Table 1. Hot-Jupiter Target List ( Teff is estimated equilibrium temperature)

Published results for: WASP-19b, WASP-12b, HAT

  • P-1b, WASP-31b, WASP-6b;

two more in preparation;

Sing et al. 2013 Sing et al. 2015 Nikolov et al. 2015 Nikolov et al. 2014 Wakeford et al. 2013 Huitson et al. 2013 Ballester et al. in prep.

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 7

HD 189733b HD 209458b

WASP-31b WASP-39b HAT-P-12b WASP-6b WASP-17b WASP-12b WASP-19b HAT-P-1b

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 8

STIS G430L STIS G750L WFC3 IRAC 3.6 4.5

Na I K I H2O H2O H2O CO H2 Rayleigh

.3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 2 3 4 5 Wavelength (µm) 5 5 10 15 Relative altitude in scale heights z()/H

103 Rayleigh Cloud-free atmosphere Hazy atmosphere

Hot Jupiter models from Fortney et al. (2010)

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 9

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Photon counts (×104) 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Wavelength (Å)

G750L G430L fringing corrected

HST STIS

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 10

Assume orbital period (Porb) from literature Fix system parameters and limb darkening; fit for Rp/Rst, and systematics; HST STIS white light curves + Spitzer IRAC 3.6 & 4.5 µm Marginalize over ~50 systematics models (Gibson et al. 2014) System parameters (a/Rst, i, Rp/Rst, T0, Porb) Fit for all transit parameters and systematics (at fixed limb darkening and Porb) Update orbital ephemeris (new + literature T0s) HST STIS and WFC3 spectra + Spitzer IRAC photometry

TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM

1

2 3 2 4 5 6

7

Our pipeline

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 11

HST STIS

0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000 0.975 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000

G430L

0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 10
  • 5

5 10

  • 10
  • 5

5 10 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000 0.975 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000

G430L

0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 10
  • 5

5 10

  • 10
  • 5

5 10 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000 0.975 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000

G750L

0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 10
  • 5

5 10

  • 10
  • 5

5 10

Time since mid-transit (hr)

0.990 0.995 1.000 1.005 1.010 Normalised raw flux 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000 Normalised flux O-C (×10-4)

Ballester et al. in prep.

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 12

3.6 µm 4.5 µm

Spitzer IRAC

Ballester et al. in prep.

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 13

Three facts for WASP-17b

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0.1 1 10 Radius/RJup Mass/MJup

0.03 0.06 0.13 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 ρJ J S N U T4 W12 W6 W4 X3 H1 D1 D2 W15 W17 C7 C3 H2 H12

A n d e r s

  • n

e t a l . 2 1 , 1 1 Triaud et al. 2010 Bayliss et al. al. 2010

1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65

H2 n Solar, no TiO Solar & Isoth, T = 2000 K Solar & Isoth. + haze

WASP-17 b 1.65

) ) ) )

1.7 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

  • Rich

/ = 1.5)

Wavelength (µm)

)

1.36 1.38 1.46 1.48 Transit Depth (%)

W

  • d

e t a l . 2 1 1 , Z h

  • u

e t a l . 2 1 2 M a n d e l e t a l . 2 1 3 Orbital Period ~ 3.7 d Mp ~ 1.6 MSaturn, Rp ~ 2 RJupiter ~ 6 % Jupiter density T(4.5 µm) = 1880+/-50 K T(8 µm) = 1580+/-150 K low albedo; efficient T redistrib. Parent star: Sp type: F6, V = 11.6 (1) Bloated radius (2) Retrograde orbit (3) Na I and H20 in the atmosphere

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 14

Ballester et al. in prep.

WASP-17b

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 15
  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

Ballester et al. in prep.

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SLIDE 16

Quick facts for WASP-31b

A n d e r s

  • n

e t a l . 2 1

Orbital Period ~ 3.4 d Mp ~ 0.5 MJupiter Rp = 1.5 RJupiter 13 % Jupiter density Teq = 1600 K, H~1200 km Parent star Sp type: F6, V = 11.7

Aligned orbit

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 17

Sing et al. 2015

WASP-31b

(i) sub-solar Na/K ratio; (ii) H2O dominated atmosphere ruled out at 9σ; (iii) two-particle regimes for <0.51 and ≥0.51 µm

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 18

Two facts for WASP-6b

Orbital Period ~ 3.4 d Mp ~ 0.5 MJupiter Rp ~ 1.2 RJupiter Teq = 1145 K Parent star Sp type: G8, [Fe/H]=-0.2 V = 11.9 (1) Prograde orbit Gillon et al. 2009 J

  • r

d a n e t a l . 2 1 3 (2) Scattering in the atmosphere

1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 Planet radius (RJ) 5000 6000 7000 8000 Wavelength (˚ A) 0.135 0.14 0.145 0.15 0.155 Planet-to-star radius ratio (Rpl/R∗)

Fortney et al. (2010), T = 1500 K Fortney et al. (2010), T = 1000 K Scattering

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 19
  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 20

Nikolov et al. 2015

WASP-6b

Na I K I STIS G430L STIS G750L IRAC

(i) Cloud-free atmosphere ruled out with high confidence; (ii) Rayleigh and Mie scattering models highly preferred with MgSiO3, KCl, Mg2SiO4 and Na2S condensates;

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 21

WASP-6b:

STIS G430L STIS G750L Magellan (6.5m)/IMACS Jordan et al. (2013) Nikolov et al. (2015) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Wavelength (µm) −0.006 −0.004 −0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 ∆ Rp / R∗

agreement in 17 of 20 spectral channels

Comparison to a ground-based result

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 22
  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire

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SLIDE 23

(1) WASP-17b, -31b and -6b show evidence for cloud-free, cloudy and hazy atmosphere, i.e. an emerging diversity of exoplanet atmospheres; (2) We find a significant variation in both the Na and K frequency and the Na/K abundance ratio across the targets; (3) Cloudy and hazy atmospheres can provide important atmospheric constraints, i.g. particle sizes, temperatures, etc.; (4) More planets must be studied in transmission to establish correlations between atmospheric and planetary physical properties, e.g. atmospheric type and planet evolutionary history.

Conclusions:

  • N. Nikolov OHP 2015: Twenty years of giant exoplanets

University of Exeter October 5th - 9th 2015, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire