HS 200 HS 200 ► Philosophy Philosophy Environmental Ethics Environmental Ethics ► Sociology Sociology ► Economics Economics
Examination Examination ► Environmental Ethics Environmental Ethics ► 21 21 st st January 20 14 (Tuesday, 11.30) January 20 14 (Tuesday, 11.30) ► Objective type questions 16 marks Objective type questions 16 marks
Environmental Philosophy/ Ethics Environmental Philosophy/ Ethics ► Ethics of environment Ethics of environment ► Duties to ecosystems Duties to ecosystems ► Duties to future generations Duties to future generations ► Moral status of non-human animals Moral status of non-human animals
Why these duties are important? Why these duties are important? ► Use of pesticides Use of pesticides ► Fertilizer dependence Fertilizer dependence ► Pollution Pollution ► Climate Change Climate Change ► Increasing Human Population Increasing Human Population ► Loss of species and threats to earth’s remaining Loss of species and threats to earth’s remaining biodiversity biodiversity
Therefore Therefore ► Rationality, Values and the Environment Rationality, Values and the Environment ► New Moral Responsibility New Moral Responsibility ► For example: For example: → Mass production → proper food security → Mass production → proper ► food security use of technology, fertilizers,…. use of technology, fertilizers,…. Water crisis : use of river ► Water crisis : use of river
Environment Environment ► Environment as a Environment as a field field of significance of significance ► Environment as an Environment as an objective objective phenomenon phenomenon
David Cooper’s “The Idea of Environment” David Cooper’s “The Idea of Environment” 1992 1992 ► The Global Environment The Global Environment ► Largeness of scope…. the biosphere, the order of Largeness of scope…. the biosphere, the order of things, …. things, …. ► This concept has grown with the idea of This concept has grown with the idea of - making people citizen of cosmopolitanism - making people citizen of cosmopolitanism everywhere. everywhere.
Cooper talks about Three things Three things Cooper talks about ► Animal Welfare and economic justice for the Third Animal Welfare and economic justice for the Third World World ► Nature as an object of Reverence Nature as an object of Reverence ► Sense of Oneness Sense of Oneness ► Realistic account of Realistic account of no-harm ethical principle no-harm ethical principle with traditional idea of caring caring one’s environment to one’s environment to with traditional idea of be applied to animals, nature… by endorsing moral moral be applied to animals, nature… by endorsing recognition and understanding their significance. and understanding their significance. recognition
Conceptual Observation Conceptual Observation ► “ “We could perhaps imagine people who lived in We could perhaps imagine people who lived in relation to their natural environment, were at home relation to their natural environment, were at home with it, accepted its ways, benign and hostile, but had with it, accepted its ways, benign and hostile, but had no conception of it other than at its phenomenal level, no conception of it other than at its phenomenal level, for whom therefore the distinction between the for whom therefore the distinction between the environment as lived in and something out there was environment as lived in and something out there was not available.” Nigel Dower (1994: 151) not available.” Nigel Dower (1994: 151)
Environmental Philosophy Environmental Philosophy ► Man, Nature and Value Man, Nature and Value Theory about nature (object and processes) Theory about nature (object and processes) Theory about human beings (over all perspectives on Theory about human beings (over all perspectives on human life) human life) Theory of value & an account of valuation of human action Theory of value & an account of valuation of human action A method (standards the claim – to test, confirm and A method (standards the claim – to test, confirm and reject) reject)
Form of Moral Extensionism to Form of Moral Extensionism to Ecological Sensibility Ecological Sensibility ► Forms of ecological consciousness Forms of ecological consciousness ► Radical ways of putting environmental concerns Radical ways of putting environmental concerns ► Ultimate reconsideration of values Ultimate reconsideration of values
New ways of forming ethics New ways of forming ethics ► Right Right ► Good Good ► Duty Duty ► Care Care ► Value to non-human beings Value to non-human beings
(Aldo Leoplod (1949) (Aldo Leoplod (1949) ► “ “The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, water, plants and animals, community to include soils, water, plants and animals, or collectively: the land.” or collectively: the land.” ► Need to change the conventional Moral Theory Need to change the conventional Moral Theory
Shift from anthropocentricism to Life Shift from anthropocentricism to Life centric world view centric world view ► Objectively valuable Objectively valuable ► Telos Telos ► Community and systems Community and systems ► Sense of deep Sense of deep ecological ecological self self Biological, economic and the social Biological, economic and the social
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