HEAVY DUTY TRUCK EMISSIONS Donald H. Stedman and Gary A. Bishop - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

First Mexico City Remote Sensing Symposium March 27-28, 2014 HEAVY DUTY TRUCK EMISSIONS Donald H. Stedman and Gary A. Bishop Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208 www.feat.biochem.du.edu dstedman@du,edu

Truck RSD acknowledgements • Measurements of all pollutants in California supported by NREL, SCAQMD and CARB. • Peralta weigh station (E ‐ bound 91) and Port of LA roughly 2000 trucks at each location. • Optical RSD Measurements 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012. • 2013 SHED/OHMS measurements Port and Cottonwood weigh station (N ‐ bound I ‐ 5). • Texas with NCTCOG and TAMU. • Vancouver with DU and Envirotest Canada.

Two remote sensing methods to deal with high level exhaust • Optical remote sensing (RSD) on a tower or scaffolding. • SHED/OHMS which integrates about an eight second acceleration cycle of emissions.

Vancouver OHMS

OHMS On ‐ road Heavy ‐ duty Measurement System SHED Streamlined Heavy ‐ duty Emissions Determination

Truck about to pass under test shed

Shows perforated extraction tube leading to instrument enclosure

Analytical Instruments Exhaust Sample Blower Perforated Exhaust Sampling Tube

OHMS Pipe 50 ft Inline Fan Speed & Acceleration License Plate IR Exhaust Temperature Horiba AIA 240; NDIR – CO 2 & CO Horiba FCA 240; FID – HC & NO Horiba FCA 240; UV – Total NO x Droplet Measurement Tech PAX – Black Carbon Dekati Mass Monitor (DMM 230-A) – PM and number 11

0.2 Typical Port Truck 0.18 NOx = 25.5 0.16 NO 2 = 5.5 gm/kg 0.14 CO V 2 o 0.12 CO l Undetectable CO ,HC, PM ,BC t HC 0.1 a NO g 0.08 e NO x 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time Seconds

HDDV NOx Emissions by OHMS/SHED and by RSD optical method "O" N= about 10,000 60 Cottonwood Peralta POLA 2013 50 POLA 2012 Vancouver Texas 40 NOx emissions gm/kg 30 o 20 o 10 0 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 Model Year

NO 2 /NO x Ratio 0.6 Optical RSD POLA and Peralta 0.5 0.4 NO 2 /NO x ratio 0.3 Houston 2009 Peralta 2009 Port of LA 2009 0.2 0.1 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Chassis Model Year

NO2/NOx OHMS Vancouver 2013 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 ‐ 0.2 ‐ 0.4

HDDV NOx results • Optical one second snapshot and SHED/OHMS results provide reasonable agreement on HDDV NOx emissions by model year. • OHMS results do not (yet?) meet the USEPA 2010 standard of about 1.33 gm/kg of fuel. This may arise from averaging. • Interesting things happen with the NO 2 /NOx ratio by MY.

OHMS Smoke Results • Attend CRC next week for most up to date OHMS smoke results. • Next slide shows Vancouver smoke results in which the newest HDDV mostly meet the USEPA and CARB standards of about 0.07 gm/kg. • The one second optical snap shot RSD does appear to have a small offset of about 0.5 gm/kg. • From older HDDV smoke is throttle dependent. • Note that Port 2007 chassis HDDV were required to meet 2007 motor smoke emission standards.

1.6 PM and BC g/kg vs model year Vancouver and POLA 1.4 1.2 Approx. Std. 1 PM g/kg 0.8 BC g/kg POLA 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Applications • Entry to Ports? Weigh stations? • Border crossing (including weight power and braking capability) • HDV I/M “My car gets tested what are you doing about all those trucks”? Essentially an ASM or IM240 test using the road as the dynamometer • DPF (and SCR) deterioration; random testing

Texas

Texas

Port of LA OHMS

Cottonwood OHMS

Conclusions • OHMS works! • It works in narrow low tents and taller wider tents (except tall and wide loses some lower exhaust trucks in a strong headwind). • Texas had problems with CO and HC early and BC all the time. • Vancouver and more recent data look very good. • Emissions results of new regulations are apparent especially smoke. • OHMS test takes 15 seconds. • PEMS >2 hrs, HDDyno ~12 hrs!

Thank You • Questions