Health Effects Lecture 11: Noise Part 5 (13.05.2020) Mark Brink - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Health Effects Lecture 11: Noise Part 5 (13.05.2020) Mark Brink - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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[701-0662-00 L] Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and Health Effects Lecture 11: Noise Part 5 (13.05.2020) Mark Brink ETH Zrich D-USYS Homepage: http://www.noise.ethz.ch/ei/ D- USYS M. Brink Environmental Impacts - Noise Part

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 1

[701-0662-00 L] Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and Health Effects Lecture 11: Noise Part 5 (13.05.2020)

Mark Brink

ETH Zürich D-USYS

Homepage:

http://www.noise.ethz.ch/ei/

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 2

  • Noise annoyance
  • Aircraft noise annoyance
  • Noise contours
  • "Change effect"
  • Physiological activations due to noise
  • Stress model of non-auditory effects of noise
  • Noise coping
  • Pathogenetic pathways
  • Sleep disturbances due to noise (introduction)

Topics covered in the previous lecture

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 3

  • Question 1: When noise is such a negative factor for

sleep and health related effects, why is there the concept of white noise, where people need some kind

  • f noise to sleep better?
  • White noise can help to mask environmental sounds

(sound events) that could lead to sleep disturbances, via increasing acoustical arousal threshold.

  • Auditory masking occurs when the perception of one

sound is affected by the presence of another sound.

Student questions from previous lecture

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 4

Masking with narrowband noise

Narrowband noise 420-620 Hz Masked tone (510 Hz)

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 5

low frequency masking tone high frequency masking tone 1: frequencies close to each other 2: frequencies wide apart

20 40 80 200 400 800 2k 4k 6k8k 20k 60

100 1k 10k

Frequency [Hz]

20 40 60 80 100

Hearing threshold [dB]

250Hz, 60dB 1kHz 4kHz, 60dB 20 40 60 80 100dB

Hearing threshold at calmness

Frequency masking

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 6

  • Question 2: White noise is I believe a synchronisation

(constant/static form) of noise & thus brain sound

  • waves. Therefore it can help construct & maintain a

constant acoustic environment (hear: no interruptions).

  • Some evidence for effects of white noise on brain

functions (e.g. cognitive performance, memory)

  • White or pink noise may also influence the brain

electrical activity and improve sleep quality by reducing sleep onset latency and promoting slow wave sleep (SWS). Exact mechanisms are not fully elucidated. First results point to a role of the dopaminergic system.

Student questions from previous lecture

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 7

► Sleep disturbances (cont'd): study types and methods

► Polysomnography (PSG) ► Actimetry / Actigraphy / Seismosomnography

► Sleep disturbances: Awakening probability ► Countermeasures / noise abatement in the night ► Long-term health effects of noise (Part 1)

► Cardiovascular effects

Lecture overview for today

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 8

Research methods: Polysomnography (PSG)

EEG → Sleep stages EOG (Eye movements) → REM sleep EMG (Muscle tone) Breathing activity ECG (Heart rate)

  • Allows differentiation of sleep stages

→ wake | sleep (Detection of awakening reactions)

  • very sensitive, detects even very tiny reactions
  • Complex, expensive
  • Not always pleasant for test persons
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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 9

Awakening Arousal

30 sec

EEG EOG EMG ECG

Research methods: Relevant PSG signal characteristics

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 10

ActiWatch(tm) Basic idea

  • Increased movements are

a sign of disturbed sleep

Disadvantage

  • Less suitable for event-

related analyses

Research methods: Actimetry / Actigraphy

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 11

Changing force distribution because of:

  • Movements of arms/legs
  • Recoil movement of the body

at each heartbeat (cardioballistic effect)

  • Lifting and lowering of the

thorax per inhalation/ex- halation cycle Measures Actimetry, Heart rate, Respiration rate with

  • nly one type of transducer (here: force sensor)

Research methods: Seismosomnography (SSG)

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 12

100 200 300 400 500 600

20 30 40 50 60 70

Bett- Schwerpunkt (quer/längs) Simulierte Flüge (LAS,max 50 dB) Herzrate Atemrate Schallpegel Aussen Innen Aktimetrie

2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 20000 40000 60000 80000

Start of recording End of recording Time of gone to bed Time of rise Center of gravity across/along Actigraphy Heart rate Breathing rate Simulated aircraft noise events SPL

  • utdoor

indoor

SSG recorded data

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 13

Aircraft Road traffic Railways no noise...

Awakening probability according to EEG!

LAS,max of noise event Awakening probability

Source: Basner et al., 2011

Awakening reactions (AWR)

Exposure-effect relationships in the sleep laboratory

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 14

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

540 480 420 360 300 240 180 120 60

Lmax [dB(A)]

PAWR,zusätzlich

Minutes after sleep onset

Probability of additional AWR

3.5 dB / hour

Awakening probability increases with time asleep

(Logistic regression model)

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 15

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Aufwachwahrscheinlichkeit LAF,max innen [dB]

Padditional

LAF,max indoors [dB]

Brink et al., Env Int, 2011

Exposure-effect relationships for awakening probability

Church bell noise / field study

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 16

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Aufwachwahrscheinlichkeit LAF,max innen [dB]

Padditional

LAF,max indoors [dB]

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 17

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Aufwachwahrscheinlichkeit LAF,max innen [dB]

Padditional

LAF,max indoors [dB]

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 18

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Aufwachwahrscheinlichkeit LAF,max innen [dB]

Padditional

LAF,max indoors [dB]

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 19

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Aufwachwahrscheinlichkeit LAF,max innen [dB]

Padditional

LAF,max indoors [dB]

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 20

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Aufwachwahrscheinlichkeit LAF,max innen [dB]

Padditional

LAF,max indoors [dB]

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 21

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Aufwachwahrscheinlichkeit LAF,max innen [dB]

Padditional

LAF,max indoors [dB]

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 22

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Aufwachwahrscheinlichkeit LAF,max innen [dB]

Padditional

LAF,max indoors [dB]

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 23

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Aufwachwahrscheinlichkeit LAF,max innen [dB]

Padditional

LAF,max indoors [dB]

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 24

Number of noise events leading to one (1) additional AWR LAS,max of event at the ear LAeq,8h ca. 46 dB (at the ear) LAeq,8h ca. 22 dB (at the ear)

Source: Basner et al., 2005

Number of noise events leading to one additional AWR (Aircraft noise)

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 25

1 AWR per night due to aircraft noise 0.5 AWR

N

0 AWR >= 1 AWR

Practical application: Local prevalence of noise- induced awakenings

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 26

0P/ha > 100 P/ha

Practical application: weighting with population density

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 27

Bülach: 3552 AWR Dielsdorf: 419 AWR

0 AWR > 80 AWR

Practical application: Counting the number of awakening reactions

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 28

Effect of slope of rise of an aircraft noise event

  • n motility (measured with SSG)

Landing (3.3 dB/s) Take-off (1.1 dB/s)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Schalldruckpegel [dB(A)]

1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Bewegungsaktivität

Zeit [s] nach Beginn des Fluggeräusches 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Zeit [s] nach Beginn des Fluggeräusches

Brink et al., Somnologie (2008)

Bodily activity Sound level [dB(A)] Time [s] after noise event onset Time [s] after noise event onset

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 29

Effect of slope of rise of a noise event, measured by SSG Motility

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Motility during takeoff noise Motility during landing noise Level of takeoff noise Level of landing noise

Motility units Seconds after onset of aircraft noise event

60 50 40 30 20 10

Level [dB(A)]

70

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 30

Effect of slope of rise of a noise event, measured by SSG Heart rate

60.6 60.8 61.0 61.2 61.4 61.6 61.8 62.0

  • 16 -12
  • 8
  • 4

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88

steep flat

Heartbeat intervals

Heart rate (bpm)

Onset of event

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 31

Cortical arousals during noise events (SiRENE study)

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 32 Source: Buxton et al., Ann Intern Med, 2012

Arousal reactions in the hospital N2 N3 REM

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 33

Self-reported %HSD (Percent Highly Sleep Disturbed)

Survey questions about how noise affects sleep

WHO evidence review, Basner and McGuire, 2018

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 34

Self-reported %HSD (Percent Highly Sleep Disturbed)

Survey questions not mentioning noise

WHO evidence review, Basner and McGuire, 2018

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 35

Receiver Source Propagation path

  • mufflers
  • reduction of engine

noise

  • casing of machinery
  • Quieter arrival and

departure operations

  • Night Curfews – total ban of operations in the night (in CH: trucks

are banned from the roads during nighttime; aircraft operations suspended during nighttime)

  • passive sound

protection: sound-proof windows, triple glazing etc.

  • Noise barriers,

e.g. along railway tracks

Countermeasures

Overview:

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 36 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 18.00 h 19.00 h 20.00 h 21.00 h 22.00 h 23.00 h 0.00 h 1.00 h 2.00 h 3.00 h 4.00 h 5.00 h 6.00 h 7.00 h 8.00 h 9.00 h 10.00 h 11.00 h 12.00 h % asleep during working days % asleep during weekends

% Persons within sleep period Hour Trucks Aircraft

Countermeasures & noise abatement in the night:

Night curfews – but when do people actually sleep?

Distribution of sleep/wake density in Switzerland 2015 Source: SiRENE-Survey, N=5592

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 37 Source: Griefahn et al., 2008

Countermeasures & noise abatement in the night: Night curfews – When are they most effective?

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 38

  • Number and acoustic characteristics of noise events affect the

impact noise has on sleep

  • Maximum sound pressure level of a noise event is the best

predictor for awakening probability

  • Slope of rise (dB/s) of noise events influences the magnitude of

bodily reactions, steeper slopes evoke higher awakening probability (Most serious problems with landing aircraft and trains)

  • Morning noise elicits stronger reactions than evening noise
  • Different noise sources produce different exposure-effect

functions

  • Average sound pressure level (Leq) is not a very good predictor of

immediate effects

  • As concerns countermeasures: Curfews are effective, but

sleep/wake behavior of the population is important → “timing”

Sleep disturbances due to noise - Conclusions

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 39

Long term health effects of noise

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 40

  • "Cardiovascular" = having an effect on the

cardiovascular system (leading to "cardiovascular disease" CVD)

  • Pathophysiological disease model:

noise is a stressor that impacts on the autonomic nervous system

  • Cardiovascular effects:
  • Heart rate increase
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Stroke

Long term cardiovascular effects of noise

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 41 Source: Jarup et al., 2008

Aircraft noise

Women Men

Long term cardiovascular effects of noise

Hypertension -- Aircraft noise

HYENA study: Hypertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports (Athens, Milan Malpensa, Amsterdam Schipol, Stockholm Arlanda, Berlin Tegel, London Heathrow)

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 42 Source: Van Kempen & Babisch, 2012

Long term cardiovascular effects of noise

Hypertension, Meta-Analysis -- road traffic noise

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 43 Source: Vienneau et al., 2015

Long term cardiovascular effects of noise

Ischaemic heart disease, Risk increase per 10 dB

"Forest plot" fatty deposits / atherosclerosis

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 44 Source: Huss et al., 2010

Long term cardiovascular effects of noise

Mortality from myocardial infarction in Switzerland - Aircraft noise

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 45 Source: Héritier et al., 2017

Long term cardiovascular effects of noise

Mortality from myocardial infarction in Switzerland - SiRENE study

Noise source Excess risk per 10 dB(%) 95% CI Lden Road 4.0 2.1 5.9 Lden Railway 2.0 0.7 3.3 Lden Aircraft 2.7 0.6 4.3