Health Effects Lecture 12: Noise Part 6 (20.05.2020) Mark Brink - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

[701-0662-00 L] Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and Health Effects Lecture 12: Noise Part 6 (20.05.2020) Mark Brink ETH Zürich D-USYS Homepage: http://www.noise.ethz.ch/ei/ D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 1

Topics covered in the previous lecture • Questions from students from previous lecture • Sleep disturbances: study types and methods • Polysomnography (PSG) • Actimetry / Actigraphy / Seismosomnography • Sleep disturbances: Awakening probability • Countermeasures / noise abatement in the night • Long-term health effects of noise • Cardiovascular effects D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 2

Lecture overview for today ► Long-term health effects (cont'd) ► Metabolic effets ► Effects on cognitive performance ► The question of causality, study types in epidemiology ► Quantifiying the costs of noise ► Noise abatement and regulation of noise ► Prinicples of noise abatement in Switzerland ► Noise exposure limits in the Swiss noise abatement regulation ► Final conclusions D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 3

Long term metabolic effects of noise Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes (insulin resistance) D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 4

Oral glucose tolerance after noisy nights (SiRENE study) 8h 8h 8h 8h 8h 8h Baseline Noise Noise Noise Noise Recover (NN2) y (RC) (BL) (NN3) (NN4) (NN5) Legend: Baseline ("no noise") L Aeq,1h : 30 dB Road traffic or railway noise simulations L Aeq,1h : 45 dB Polysomnography Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 5

Oral glucose tolerance after noisy nights (SiRENE study) Glucose Insulin Area under the Area under the curve curve * * * * 8000 850 6000 100 9 800 4000 750 2000 8 700 80 650 Glucose (mmol/L) 0 Insulin (µIU/ml) * p<0.05; vs. BL * p<0.05; vs. BL 7 60 40 6 20 5 0 4 -15 0 10 20 30 60 90 120 -15 0 10 20 30 60 90 120 -20 30 80 130 -20 30 80 130 Time (min) Time (min) After baseline night After last noise-nights After recovery night D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 6

Diabetes risk increase per 10 dB (SiRENE/SAPALDIA study) Eze IC et al. Int J Epidemiol, 2017 D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 7

Effects of noise on (cognitive) performance RANCH study (Stansfeld et al., 2005) -- Aircraft noise  Exposure-effect model for reading performance Reading performance Aircraft noise exposure, LAeq, 07:00-23:00 h, [dB(A)] D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 8

Effects of noise on (cognitive) performance NORAH study (Klatte et al., 2015) -- Aircraft noise  Exposure-effect model for reading performance reading performance Adjusted T-value of Aircraft noise exposure, LAeq, 08:00-14:00 h [dB(A)] D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 9

Causality? "Bradford-Hill criteria" (1965) Strength of association: stronger associations are more likely to have a causal component Consistency: the association must be seen consistently across studies or populations Specificity: the association must produce a specific end- point Temporality: the factor being advocated as causative must precede the outcome Biological gradient: the outcome must be obtained in a dose- responsive manner Plausibility: the causal explanation must be biologically plausible Coherence: a cause-and-effect interpretation of the data should not contradict present knowledge Experimental support: the association is experimentally supported Bradford-Hill, A. (1965). The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation? Proc R Soc Med, 58, 295-300. D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 10

Study types in epidemiology D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 11

Quantifying the costs of noise D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 12

Quantifcations of the "cost" of noise on an aggregate level (I) Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) lost in Switzerland Source: Ecoplan (2014): Auswirkungen des Verkehrslärms auf die Gesundheit D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 13

Quantifcations of the "cost" of noise on an aggregate level (II) External costs of transportation noise in CHF, Switzerland, 2005 900 874 700 651 770 800 600 550 700 500 600 Mio. CHF Mio. CHF 400 500 347 320 400 300 300 200 200 101 124 104 99 100 100 27 25 0 0 Rent deficits Healthcare costs Passenger traffic Goods traffic Mietzinsausfälle Gesundheitskosten Personenverkehr Güterverkehr Road Rail Total Road Rail Total Strasse Schiene Total Strasse Schiene Total Source: Bundesamt für Raumentwicklung, 2008 D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 14

Quantifcations of the "cost" of noise on an aggregate level (III) External costs of transportation, Switzerland, 2005, in Million CHF Total external costs: 8 529 000 000 CHF per year thereof: 1 174 000 000 CHF due to noise Source: Bundesamt für Raumentwicklung, 2008 D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 15

Quantifcations of the "cost" of noise on an aggregate level (IV) Hedonic pricing analysis – reduction of rent/propery value per 1 dB D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 16

Noise abatement and regulation of noise D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 17

Rationale for noise abatement Noise is undesirable sound that can harm human health and interfere with people’s daily activities at school, at work, at home and during leisure time. It can disturb sleep, cause cardiovascular and psychophysiological effects, reduce performance and provoke annoyance responses and changes in social behavior. Noise causes economic losses (health costs, abatement measures, reduced value of real estate property etc.). D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 18

Roles of Science and of Policy in noise abatement Risk Science Science Assessment Risk Management Polic Policy Action plans D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 19

The six basic principles of noise abatement in Switzerland Assessment principle Exposure- effect Abatement Source principle Measures Future noise Prevention principle problems Existing noise Remediation principle problems Polluter pays principle Noise costs Role of Cooperation principle players D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 20

"Pull" and "Push" measures Pull Push Incentives Enforcement - Technical feasibility (research) - Regulations (emission limits, - Subventions exposure limits) - Economic Incentive instruments - Penalties, compensations D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 21

Noise abatement as a feedback-controlled system Receiver Propagation Source Encapsulation Walls Muffling Sound proof windows Barriers Operational restrictions Effective level ( Rating level ) Measures ? Rules Target level ( Limit value ) D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 22

Exposure limits in Swiss noise legislation The rating level Lr Lr = Leq + K Rating Level Lr [dB] = Average Level + Correction  The Rating Level Lr is not a physical measure, but a measure for the noise effect! (but it is expressed in dB) D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 23

Exposure limits in the Swiss noise abatement legislation Definition of three types of limit values Noise exposure Alarm values for assessing the urgency of abatement measures and as a criterion for fitting soundproof windows. Immission limit values must be set so that, in the light of current scientific knowledge and experience, immissions below these levels will not seriously disturb the well-being of the population. Planning values for permitting the construction of new installations and for for ruling out and development of new building areas (land use planning). D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 24

Exposure limits in Swiss noise legislation Limit values on an exposure-effect curve 100 Percent highly annoyed 80 60 40 20 0 Noise exposure Planning value PV Alarm value AW Immission limit value ILW D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 25

Assessment of % highly annoyed (%HA) ... using ICBEN scales 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Serious annoyance Extremely 1 verbal 5-point scale of the population 0 Very (highly annoyed) Moderately Slightly Not at all D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 26