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Gu Gut mi microbiota and short-cha chain n fatty aci cids ds pr profiles es of no normal and nd over erwei eight scho chool chi childr dren en in n Sel elang ngor af after probiotics administration Syafinaz Amin Nordin

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Gu Gut mi microbiota and short-cha chain n fatty aci cids ds pr profiles es of no normal and nd over erwei eight scho chool chi childr dren en in n Sel elang ngor af after probiotics administration

Syafinaz Amin Nordin

Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

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Ou Outline

  • Introduction
  • The study
  • Discussion and Conclusion
  • Future Research
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In Intr troduc ductio tion

  • Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide.
  • a key concern because it is linked to various health complications such as type 2 diabetes

(Reilly et al., 2003).

  • Prevalence of obesity among children in Malaysia (less than 18 years old) is 11.9%

(Institute for Public Health, 2015).

  • Apart from environmental and lifestyle factors, gut microbiota affects nutrient

absorption and energy regulation.

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Gut microbiota

  • There are trillions of microorganisms in the gut
  • thousands of bacterial species with specific functions
  • Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria are the most common phyla

Brusaferro et al., 2018

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Dysbiosis of gut microbiota

  • Dysbiosis (modifications of the gut microbiota composition) can be associated

with the development of both intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders:

  • irritable bowel syndrome
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • colorectal cancer
  • allergic diseases
  • arteriosclerotic diseases
  • metabolic syndromes - diabetes and obesity

Brusaferro et al., 2018

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Gut microbiota and obesity

  • Composition of gut microbiota is different among obese compared to a normal

weight individual (Rouxinol-Dias et al., 2016).

  • Studies have shown that faecal bacteria may have a role in modulating energy

metabolism.

  • Change in gut microbiota composition can be associated with increases or

reductions of body weight and body mass index ( Brusaferro et al., 2018)

  • Pattern of gut microbiota in relation with obesity can be demonstrated by the

release of microbiota-induced fermentation products

  • Eg. short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
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Probiotics and gut microbiota

  • Probiotics are live microorganisms with beneficial health effects if administered in

adequate amounts (FAO/WHO, 2002)

  • Manipulation of gut microbiota is possible through the consumption of

probiotics.

  • Commonly used microorganism for preparing probiotics-containing drinks is

Lactobacillus spp.

  • One example is a probiotic-fermented milk drink (Yakult) that contains

Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) .

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Limited Malaysian data

  • Limited data on gut microbiota and faecal SCFAs in Malaysian

children

  • Similarly, limited data on probiotics administration and effects on gut

microbiota and SCFA in Malaysian children.

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Aim of the study

To investigate the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids profiles of normal and overweight children after probiotics administration

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Study Design

  • Crossover design
  • Normal weight

and overweight school children aged between seven to 10 years

  • Probiotics for 4

weeks and 4 weeks washout period to

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Probiotic administration

  • A bottle (80ml) with 30 billions live LcS daily, for four weeks.
  • The probiotic drink:
  • scientific research on human health
  • free of preservatives, colouring and stabilizers
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The probiotic drink with LcS

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  • Normal diet
  • Normal routine physical activities
  • Not on vitamin supplements, antibiotics and medication.

Other factors

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Sociodemographic of study population

BMI: body mass index, SD: standard deviation a BMI is calculated based on the formula (body weight (kg)/height2 (m2)).

Parameters Normal weight (n=19) Overweight (n=21) Mean SD Mean SD Total number of subjects (by gender) Male 8 12 Female 11 9 Age (years) 8.53 1.07 8.71 1.06 Body weight (kg) 27.82 6.15 48.00 12.34 Height (m) 130.86 7.16 140.99 8.91 BMI (kg/m2)a 16.07 2.34 23.82 3.85

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Study protocol

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Effects of LcS on gut microbiota in normal weight children

SD: standard deviation a Independent sample t test, p<0.05 indicated significant differences as compared between intervention and control groups

Parameters Intervention group (n=10) Control group (n=9) p-value a Mean (Log 10 copies) SD Mean (Log 10 copies) SD Normal weight Lactobacillus spp. 1.68 2.18 0.038 Bifidobacterium spp. 1.63 2.12 0.038

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Effects of LcS on gut microbiota in overweight children

SD: standard deviation a Independent sample t test, p<0.05 indicated significant differences as compared between intervention and control groups

Parameters Intervention group (n=10) Control group (n=9) p-value a Mean (Log 10 copies) SD Mean (Log 10 copies) SD Overweight Lactobacillus spp. 3.86 0.28 1.35 1.93 0.002 Bifidobacterium spp. 2.68 2.36 0.006

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Effects of LcS on fecal SCFAs concentration of normal and overweight children

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Discussion

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Gut bacteria

  • Lactobacillus spp. were higher in the overweight children who received probiotics

intervention compared to normal weight children.

  • Bifidobacterium spp. were higher among normal and overweight children from

the intervention groups compared to control group

  • suggests Lactobacillus probiotics encourage the proliferation of Bifidobacteria.
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Gut bacteria and body weight

  • Evidence on the association between a bacterial genus or species and weight

does not explain whether the microorganism is truly the cause of obesity or normal weight.

  • Studies have shown that Bifidobacterium were more abundant in subjects with

normal weight than in obese.

  • For some genera, such as Lactobacillus conflicting results have been reported.
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Boulangé et al., 2016

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Probiotics and obesity

  • Probiotics effect on body weight and metabolism has been reported to be strain

specific.

  • Dosage, duration of administration and long-term effects of the administration of

the different strains are not known.

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Short chain fatty acids

  • The changes in fecal total SCFAs, butyrate and propionate were higher

in overweight children than normal weight from the intervention group.

  • consistent with a cohort study among Swiss children in a 15 obese and 15

normal-weight of Swiss children aged 8 to 14 years old (Payne et al., 2011).

  • however, higher faecal SCFAs production among Japanese and Mexican lean

children than their obese children (Nagata et al., 2017 & Murugesan et al., 2015).

  • Gut microbiota dysbiosis, genetics, enviromental and diet may be

factors that result in altered faecal propionic and butyric acids (Murugesan et al., 2015)

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Short chain fatty acids after LcS

  • A significant increased in the fecal propionic acid and total SCFAs after

four weeks of intervention in overweight and normal weight participants (p<0.05).

  • Similar findings by Nagata et al. (2017) and Hemalatha et al.(2017)
  • However, studies among adults found reduced acetate and propionate after

two weeks LcS administration (Matsumoto et al., 2006).

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Propionic acid

  • Propionic acid increment in the colon may act as appetite suppressor by

activation of the G-protein-coupled receptors and increased secretion of gut hormones (Kobyliak et al., 2016 & Chambers et al., 2015).

  • Elevated propionic acid in the colon promotes weight loss and reduced

body adiposity among overweight adults, post Roux-enY gastric bypass and diet-induced obesity mice (Chambers et al., 2015 & Everard et al., 2013).

  • However, the function of propionic acid in the metabolism and body

weight regulation has not yet fully explained.

  • Various factors may affect gut microbiota composition and body weight in

children.

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Conclusion

  • This study indicates that consumption of LcS-fermented probiotic drinks by school

children between aged seven to 10 years old potentially changes their gut microbiota composition of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.

  • The total SCFAs and propionate levels of overweight children increased compared

to a control group corresponds to increased gut microbiota.

  • Findings need to be correlated with other factors and outcomes.
  • More studies are needed for prescription of probiotics in obesity.
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Future Research

  • More sample size with other factors considered and other outcomes
  • multidisciplines
  • Metagenomic data
  • Consideration
  • f dose, duration, individualized for probiotics

administration.

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Acknowledgement

  • This study was supported by grants Exploratory Research Grant Scheme (ERGS)

from the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia [ERGS/1- 2013/5527168].

  • Research team:
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References

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  • Institute for Public Health. (2015). National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015 (NHMS 2015). Vol. II: Non-Communicable Diseases, Risk Factors & Other Health
  • Problems. Ministry of health (Vol. II). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.00.
  • Rouxinol-Dias, A. L., Pinto, A. R., Janeiro, C., Rodrigues, D., Moreira, M., Dias, J., & Pereira, P. (2016). Probiotics for the control of obesity – Its effect on weight
  • change. Porto Biomedical Journal, 1(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbj.2016.03.005.
  • Armougom, F., Henry, M., Vialettes, B., Raccah, D., & Raoult, D. (2009). Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in

Lactobacillus in obese patients and Methanogens in anorexic patients. PLoS ONE, 4(9), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007125

  • Ballinger, A., & Peikin, S. R. (2002). Orlistat: Its current status as an anti-obesity drug. European Journal of Pharmacology, 440(2–3), 109–117.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01422-X

  • Berding, K., Holscher, H. D., Arthur, A. E., & Donovan, S. M. (2018). Fecal microbiome composition and stability in 4- to 8-year old children is associated with dietary

patterns and nutrient intake. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 56, 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.01.002

  • Bervoets, L., Van Hoorenbeeck, K., Kortleven, I., Van Noten, C., Hens, N., Vael, C., … Vankerckhoven, V. (2013). Differences in gut microbiota composition between
  • bese and lean children: A cross-sectional study. Gut Pathogens, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-4749-5-10
  • Boulangé, C. L., Neves, A. L., Chilloux, J., Nicholson, J. K., & Dumas, M. E. (2016). Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease.

Genome Medicine, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0303-2

  • Chakraborti, C. K. (2015). New-found link between microbiota and obesity. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, 6(4), 110.

https://doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v6.i4.110

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