Ground based Transit surveys of Giant Planets: past successes and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Ground based Transit surveys of Giant Planets: past successes and future challenges Don Pollacco (Warwick University, UK) OHP October 2015 Outine First detections The dark years Classical wide angle surveys and their successes (a personal
Don Pollacco (Warwick University, UK) OHP October 2015
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First detections The dark years Classical wide angle surveys and their successes (a personal view) More specialized surveys – late type stars (and smaller planets)
New toys Ground based surveys in the era of TESS
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Horne 2003
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Prior to September 2006 we had ~10 TEPs! HATN-1b September 2006 (Bakos et al) 14 TEP’s known when WASP-1b/2b October 2007 (Collier Cameron et al)
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Programs that have discovered TEP’s include: HATNET OGLE QATAR TRES WASP XO
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Programs that have discovered TEP’s include: HATNET 56 Planets OGLE QATAR TRES WASP XO Multi station Including HATN-11b, 13b, 2b Many interesting objects Excellent survey HATNET
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Programs that have discovered TEP’s include: HATNET 56 Planets OGLE 8 Planets QATAR TRES WASP XO Not actually an ESP facility but designed For similar measurements and 1.2x1.2deg fov. Includes OGLE-TR-56b – very short period Planet, microlensing planets OGLE
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Programs that have discovered TEP’s include: HATNET 56 Planets OGLE 8 Planets QATAR 2 Planets TRES WASP XO Fainter, redder targets but see later…. QATAR
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Programs that have discovered TEP’s include: HATNET 56 Planets OGLE 8 Planets QATAR 2 Planets TRES 5 Planets + HD209458b WASP XO Included STARE Pioneering survey TRES
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Programs that have discovered TEP’s include: HATNET 56 Planets OGLE 8 Planets QATAR 2 Planets TRES 5 Planets + HD209458b WASP 106 Planets XO Factory TEP discovery Many people in the audience involved to some extent WASP-12b/17b/33b etc WASP
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Programs that have discovered TEP’s include: HATNET 56 Planets OGLE 8 Planets QATAR 2 Planets TRES 5 Planets + HD209458b WASP 106 Planets XO 5 Planets XO XO-2 – wide binary with gas giants
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All surveys sensitive to sun-like stars About 230 TEP have Δm & Δr <10% (encyclopedia shows 1225 TEPs, 20151005) Vast majority from ground based surveys – but shouldn’t be too surprised as these are the easiest to measure – mass well suited to current instruments HATNET WASP Performance seems similar for both surveys. Note sensitivity to high mass planets. HATNET better sensitivity to longer period candid
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WASP HATNET Some HATNET and WASP candidates with periods upto 50-60 days.
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1) Diversity and Inflation
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1) Diversity and Inflation 2) Evaporation Eg WASP-12b Fossati et al 2010
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1) Diversity and Inflation 2) Evaporation 3) RMs and scattering/migration
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1) Diversity and Inflation 2) Evaporation 3) RMs and scattering/migration 4) Long period massive companions HAT-P-13b/c Bakos et al
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1) Diversity and Inflation 2) Evaporation 3) RMs and scattering/migration 4) Long period massive companions 5) Terrestrial companions Becker et al
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1) Diversity and Inflation 2) Evaporation 3) RMs and scattering/migration 4) Long period massive companions 5) Terrestrial companions 6) Atmospheres: clouds etc Sing et al
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WASP-115b 5mmag eclipse – not fully convinced it’s a planet yet but will be beyond reasonable doubt over the next few days. McCormac et al Original Stabiized (WASP-S currently surveying extremely wide fields) Stabilized focus Several years of data currently being reduced. Other fun targets coming: WASP-150b 5mmag, 7.7Mj , R~0.3-0.4Rj ΔMj, ΔRj < 10%, e~0.4
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First pointed survey. Telescopes with smart
Targets one at a time. Designed to look at M dwarfs (aiming for M5) Science Driver: small planets in the HZ. GJ1214b single discovery (actually another one coming I think) Probably the brightest one in the (well V=14th mag) northern sky
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Pointed survey - similar to Mearth 40cm telescopes No TEP yet
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Another excellent survey from Bakos et al 3 sites: Chile, Namibia, Australia,
Smaller fov, fainter stars 12 Planets So far highlight is HATS-7b (Bakos et al), 8b (Baylis et al) - Super-Neptunes Depths are 0.5-1%. HATNET/WASP have few similar depth objects
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KELT – operational for a few years Extremely large field. Should be looking For V=6-9 mag host stars. KELT-N/S has 8 planets
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MASCARA (Ignas Snellen) first unit running on La Palma for about a year. Sensitivity V=4-8 mag. Recovery of HD189733 (V=7.7) Stationary cameras
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The new Qatar survey. Now using 20cm aperture, focus stabilized astrographs Multi site USA, Tenerife, China Rolling out now, first planets will be soon. Optimized for redder stars
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Designed from the beginning to go to the next “level” – routine detection of Neptunes and potentially smaller planets Astrographs + deep depleted detectors => red sensitive and will be highly stable. Field coverage needs an array of telescopes (12 telescope array similar fov to Kepler). Prototypes on La Palma, Geneva (right) NGTS built on Paranal
NGTS
Updated from Wheatley et al. 2014 Data: exoplanets.org
12 x 20cm f/2.8 telescopes independent mounts back-illuminated, deep-depletion CCDs 100 sqr deg total FoV; 5 arcsec pixels
NGTS at the Paranal Observatory in Chile Peter Wheatley
EWASS 2015 04/10/2015 31
Amp≈1mmag 3min cadence
Tom Louden
WASP-4b
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Until TESS, ground based transit surveys will continue to find significant numbers of characterisable planets. After the TESS launch their role will change. While most of the sky will be surveyed by TESS the visits will be less than 1month (at least initially). We may expect many single transit events in dataset. We will need a (photometric) capability to – follow-up single transit events with instruments capable of producing accurate measurements cheaply for period determination
improvement
So continued work for many facilities and their data archives. HAT team confident enough to be building a new facility HATPI – capable of monitoring entire sky every 30sec…. 63 separate optical units…
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The ability to determine accurate M & R for planets discovered by ground based transit surveys has led to much of our understanding of this class of planet. Surveys have evolved from “general purpose” to more specialized. TESS will be an important part to the story but if the ground based facilities do not continue much of its work will remain unfinished.